很長(zhǎng)的英語(yǔ)好句子集合50句
英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句子欣賞
篇一:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句子
【第1句】: Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.
【第1句】:美洲羚羊,或稱(chēng)叉角羚,是該大陸典型的草原動(dòng)物。
【第2句】: Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
【第2句】: 1986年看見(jiàn)哈雷慧星的千百萬(wàn)人當(dāng)中,有多少人能夠長(zhǎng)壽到足以目睹它在二十一世紀(jì)的回歸呢?
【第3句】: Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
【第3句】:人類(lèi)學(xué)家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),恐懼,快樂(lè),悲傷和驚奇都會(huì)行之于色,這在全人類(lèi)是共通的。
【第4句】: Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
【第4句】:由于苯酚對(duì)人體帶有刺激性作用,它基本上已不再被當(dāng)作常用的防腐劑了。
【第5句】: In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
【第5句】:任何盈利組織若要生存,最終都必須生產(chǎn)出消費(fèi)者可用或需要的產(chǎn)品。
【第6句】: The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
【第6句】:一個(gè)地方的人口越多,其對(duì)水,交通和垃圾處理的需求就會(huì)越大。
【第7句】: It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
【第7句】:簡(jiǎn)明,直接,有力的寫(xiě)作難于花哨,含混而意義模糊的表達(dá)。
【第8句】: With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
【第8句】:隨著現(xiàn)代辦公室的日益自動(dòng)化,設(shè)計(jì)師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴(yán)肅的內(nèi)部裝飾來(lái)使其具有親切感。
【第9句】: The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
【第9句】:誹謗和流言的區(qū)別在于前者是書(shū)面的,而后者是口頭的。
【第10句】: The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
【第10句】:膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿脛的連接處。
【第11句】: Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
【第11句】:酸是一種化合物,它在溶于水時(shí)具有強(qiáng)烈的氣味和對(duì)金屬的腐蝕性,并且能夠使某些藍(lán)色植物染料變紅。
【第12句】: Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
【第12句】: Billie Holiday’s作為一個(gè)爵士布魯斯樂(lè)杰出歌手的名聲建立在能夠賦予歌曲感情深度的能力。
【第13句】: Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
【第13句】:理論在本質(zhì)上是對(duì)認(rèn)識(shí)了的現(xiàn)實(shí)的一種抽象和符號(hào)化的表達(dá)。
【第14句】: Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
【第14句】:兒童在能說(shuō)或能聽(tīng)懂語(yǔ)言之前,很久就會(huì)通過(guò)面部表情和靠發(fā)出噪聲來(lái)與人交流了。
【第15句】: Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
【第15句】:受當(dāng)代灌溉(技術(shù)設(shè)施)之賜,農(nóng)作物在原來(lái)只有仙人掌和蕎屬科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生長(zhǎng)。
【第16句】: The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
【第16句】:機(jī)械計(jì)時(shí)器的發(fā)展促使人們尋求更精確的日晷,以便校準(zhǔn)機(jī)械計(jì)時(shí)器。
【第17句】: Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.
【第17句】:人類(lèi)學(xué)是一門(mén)科學(xué),因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)學(xué)家采用一整套強(qiáng)有力的方法和技術(shù)來(lái)記錄觀測(cè)結(jié)果,而這樣記錄下來(lái)的觀測(cè)結(jié)果是供他人核查的。
【第18句】: Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
【第18句】:真菌在腐化過(guò)程中十分重要,而腐化過(guò)程將化學(xué)物質(zhì)回饋于土壤,提高其肥力,并分解動(dòng)物糞便。
【第19句】: When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
【第19句】:音叉被敲擊時(shí),產(chǎn)生幾乎純質(zhì)的音調(diào),其音量經(jīng)久不衰。
【第20句】: Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
【第20句】:雖然美洲山河桃樹(shù)最集中于美國(guó)的東南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利諾州也能看見(jiàn)它們。
【第21句】: Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.
【第21句】:用怪罪別人的辦法來(lái)解決問(wèn)題通常被稱(chēng)為尋找替罪羊。
【第22句】: The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
【第22句】:一個(gè)國(guó)家的主要食物是什么,大體取決于什么作物在其天氣和土壤條件下生長(zhǎng)得最好。
【第23句】: Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
【第23句】:在大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,某一事件發(fā)生的幾率等于它不發(fā)生的幾率。
【第24句】: Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
【第24句】:大多數(shù)物質(zhì)遇冷收縮,所以他們的密度在固態(tài)時(shí)高于液態(tài)。
【第25句】: The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
【第25句】:大腦細(xì)胞儲(chǔ)存記憶的機(jī)理并不為人明白。
【第26句】: By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
【第26句】:到了二十一世紀(jì)中葉,美國(guó)畫(huà)家和雕塑家開(kāi)始在世界范圍內(nèi)對(duì)藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生重大影響。
【第27句】: In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.
【第27句】:伊麗莎白市,一個(gè)重要的航運(yùn)和制造業(yè)中心,坐落于新澤西州的東部。
【第28句】: Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
【第28句】: Elizabeth Blackwell,美國(guó)第一個(gè)女醫(yī)生,創(chuàng)建了員工一直為女性紐約診所。
【第29句】: Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
【第29句】: Alexander Graham Bell曾告訴家人,他更愿意讓后人記住他是聾子的老師,而非電話的發(fā)明者。
【第30句】: Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.
【第30句】:采摘下的迷迭香樹(shù)葉常綠不衰,因此人們把迷迭香樹(shù)與懷念聯(lián)系在一起。
【第31句】: Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
【第31句】:骨頭看起來(lái)是脆硬的,但它也有一定的彈性,使得骨骼能夠承受相當(dāng)?shù)拇驌簟?/p>
【第32句】: That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
【第32句】:科學(xué)家曾相信:氙氣是不能形成化合物的。
【第33句】: Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of
life. 【第33句】:對(duì)風(fēng)暴動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究是為了提高風(fēng)暴預(yù)測(cè)從而減少損失,避免人員傷亡。
【第34句】: The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed. 【第34句】:消除通貨膨脹應(yīng)確保還貸的錢(qián)應(yīng)與所貸款的價(jià)值相同。
【第35句】: Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.
【第35句】:未來(lái)主義,二十世紀(jì)早期的一個(gè)藝術(shù)思潮。拒絕一切傳統(tǒng),試圖通過(guò)強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)械和動(dòng)態(tài)來(lái)美化生活。
【第36句】: One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
【第36句】: Everglades是美國(guó)境內(nèi)最為荒涼和人跡罕至的地區(qū)之一,此處有大量的野生動(dòng)植物而且大多受(法律)保護(hù)。
【第37句】: Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.
【第37句】: Lucretia Mott’s的影響巨大,所以一些權(quán)威部門(mén)認(rèn)定她為美國(guó)女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的創(chuàng)始人。
【第38句】: The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.
【第38句】:國(guó)際市場(chǎng)研究者的活動(dòng)范圍常常較國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)研究者廣闊。
【第39句】: The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.
【第39句】:大陸分水嶺是指北美洛磯山脈上的一道想象線,該線把大西洋流域和太平洋流域區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。
【第40句】: Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.
【第40句】:對(duì)地球引力的研究表明,在不尋常的負(fù)荷之下地殼和地幔會(huì)發(fā)生位移。
【第41句】: The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.
【第41句】:尤它州制造業(yè)的年產(chǎn)值大于其工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的總和。
【第42句】: The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
【第42句】:墻花之所以叫墻花,是因?yàn)槠浯嗳醯闹Ω山?jīng)常要靠墻壁或順石崖生長(zhǎng),以便有所依附。
【第43句】: It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.
【第43句】:社會(huì)心理學(xué)的主要焦點(diǎn)是人與人之間的交往,而不是他們各自生活中的事件。
【第44句】: No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
【第44句】:給美國(guó)的新移民增加教育設(shè)施比任何社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)都更多的激發(fā)了Elizabeth Williams的熱情。
【第45句】: Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.
【第45句】:典型的鵪鶉都長(zhǎng)有短而圓的翅膀,憑此他們可以在受驚時(shí)一躍而起,飛離它們的躲藏地。
【第46句】: According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
【第46句】:根據(jù)人類(lèi)學(xué)家的說(shuō)法,直立行走的人的鼻祖面部輪廓與黑猩猩相似,額頭后傾,眉毛突出。
【第47句】: Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
【第47句】:直到1866年第一條橫跨大西洋的電纜才完全成功的架通。
【第48句】: In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
【第48句】: John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他認(rèn)為是由科學(xué)技術(shù)給社會(huì)帶來(lái)的精神貧困。
【第49句】: Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
【第49句】:父母的教導(dǎo)如果堅(jiān)定,始終如一和理性,孩子就有可能充滿自信。
篇二:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句子翻譯技巧
對(duì)于每一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子的翻譯, 并不只是使用一種翻譯方法, 而是多種翻譯方法的綜合運(yùn)用, 這在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。長(zhǎng)句在科技性的文體中的出現(xiàn)極為頻繁, 因此也就成為研究生入學(xué)考試的重點(diǎn), 通過(guò)對(duì)近年來(lái)試題的分析我們可以看出, 所考查的絕大多數(shù)劃線的部分都是長(zhǎng)句。在翻譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 首先,不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生畏懼心理,因?yàn)椋瑹o(wú)論是多么復(fù)雜的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語(yǔ)原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu), 找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系, 再按照漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。 英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面:
(1) 修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;
(2) 并列成分多;
(3) 語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。
在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3) 分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4) 分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。
(5) 注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配
英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1) 順序法。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。
(2) 逆序法。英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開(kāi)始翻譯。
(3)分句法。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子, 分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。
(4) 綜合法。上面我們講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在翻譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后,或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。
篇三:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句子的翻譯
【第1句】:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的'主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3) 分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4) 分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。
(5) 注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行分析:
例【第1句】: Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 分析: (1) 該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句; who is raised in an environment為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child; where there are many stimuli為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli; 在suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 主語(yǔ)為child, 謂語(yǔ)為experience, 賓語(yǔ)為greater intellectual development. 在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)為:
行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。
例【第2句】: For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. (85年考題)
分析: (1) 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else. 是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。
(2) 該句中共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)為第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。
(3) 句首的for a family of four作狀語(yǔ), 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ): for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 修飾to sit comfortably at home.
綜合上述翻譯方法,這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為:
譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來(lái)說(shuō), 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂(lè)節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
【第2句】:長(zhǎng)句的翻譯
英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1) 順序法。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:
例【第1句】: Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考題)
分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成, 共有五層意思: A. 既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí); B.電仍在為我們工作;
C. 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱; D. 加熱水; E. 或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過(guò)順序法, 把該句翻譯成:
即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
例【第2句】: But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考題)
分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is realized that…”, it為形式主語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to …結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語(yǔ), the time …是“expectation of life”的同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: A. 可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到; B. 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的; C. 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”; D. 將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個(gè)句子就翻譯為:
可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說(shuō), 經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。
下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例: 例【第3句】: Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人; 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。
例【第4句】: This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來(lái)找到很不相同的各種問(wèn)題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類(lèi)一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”
例【第5句】: It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.
我們對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到
孩童般的興趣; 其后, 這種愛(ài)好變得成熟起來(lái), 我們開(kāi)始對(duì)歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復(fù)雜性, 對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣; 對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好, 最終以我們對(duì)人類(lèi)生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。 對(duì)死去的, 無(wú)論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個(gè)地球上走過(guò)而已逝的人,都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。
例【第6句】: If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備, 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng), 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志, 他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。
(2) 逆序法。英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開(kāi)始翻譯。例如:
例【第1句】: Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: A. 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn); B. 由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁; C. 由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; E. 鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:
鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; 因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。
例【第2句】: It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
分析: 該句由一個(gè)主句, 一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句組成, “……變得越來(lái)越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: A. ……變的越來(lái)越重要; B. 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì); C. 得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 翻譯成:
因此, 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì), 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
例【第3句】: It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。
例【第4句】: They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.
對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴(lài)以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。
例【第5句】:A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when
in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.
50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象, 窮知識(shí)分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人, 正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟。
例【第6句】: Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。
例【第7句】: Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲(chóng)將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子, 分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。例如:
例【第1句】: The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.
上句在英語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被翻譯成:
沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。 這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為: 大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。 例【第2句】: Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考題)
分析: 在此長(zhǎng)句中, 有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)“it is often said”, 三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, 這三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義, 因此在翻譯時(shí), 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句, 結(jié)果為: 人們常說(shuō), 通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的新節(jié)目。
下面我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子:
例【第3句】: All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. (85年考題)
他們所必須做的只是按一下開(kāi)關(guān)。開(kāi)關(guān)一開(kāi), 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問(wèn)題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話下。 例【第4句】: Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。
(4) 綜合法。上面我們講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在翻譯一個(gè)
英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。例如: 例【第1句】: People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
分析: 該句共有三層含義: A: 人們不敢出門(mén); B: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況; C: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無(wú)能為力。在這三層含義中, B表示讓步, C表示原因, 而A則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:
盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門(mén), 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o(wú)能為力。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子:
例【第2句】: Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書(shū)籍, 特別是教科書(shū)來(lái)說(shuō), 要是作者希望自己書(shū)中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話, 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間, 將書(shū)中的內(nèi)容重新修改。 例【第3句】: Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.
易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢(qián)來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。
例【第4句】: Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.
到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì), 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、商業(yè)往來(lái)、政府部門(mén)以及娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。
篇四:如何完美地翻譯英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句子
如何翻譯英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句子
【第1句】:什么是英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句,特點(diǎn)和分析方法
復(fù)合長(zhǎng)句即包含各種語(yǔ)法關(guān)系和特殊句型的句子。英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句,這是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)可以有后置定語(yǔ)。擴(kuò)展的后置定語(yǔ)可以是帶從句或長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)的復(fù)雜句。
長(zhǎng)句在科技性的文體中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高,因此也就成為英語(yǔ)考試的重點(diǎn)。通過(guò)對(duì)近年來(lái)試題的分析,我們可以看出,所考的絕大多數(shù)都是長(zhǎng)句。這些句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,邏輯性強(qiáng),翻譯起來(lái)困難相當(dāng)大。但是,無(wú)論多長(zhǎng)的句子、多么復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu),它們都是由一些基本的成分組成的。只要弄清英語(yǔ)原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu),找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思,然后分析各層意思之間的邏輯關(guān)系,再按漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式就可以譯出原文了。在長(zhǎng)句的英譯漢實(shí)踐中,我們始終應(yīng)記住英漢在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異,不必拘泥于形式。
【第2句】:什么是英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句?
英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句一般指的是各種復(fù)雜句,復(fù)雜句里可能有多個(gè)從句,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行。所以翻譯長(zhǎng)句,實(shí)際上我們的重點(diǎn)主要放在對(duì)各種從句的翻譯上。從功能來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)有三大復(fù)合句,即:①名詞性從句,包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句;②形容詞性從句,即我們平常所說(shuō)的定語(yǔ)從句;③狀語(yǔ)從句。
【第3句】:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是什么?
一般說(shuō)來(lái),英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):
1)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,邏輯層次多;
2)常須根據(jù)上下文作詞義的引申;
3)常須根據(jù)上下文對(duì)指代詞的指代關(guān)系做出判斷;
4)并列成分多;
5)修飾語(yǔ)多,特別是后置定語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng);
6)習(xí)慣搭配和成語(yǔ)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。
【第63句】:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析方法是什么?
1)找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu);
2)找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;
3)分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能,例如,是否為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句等;以及詞,短語(yǔ)和從句之間的關(guān)系;
4)分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配、插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
在翻譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 首先,不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生畏懼心理,因?yàn)椋瑹o(wú)論是多么復(fù)雜的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語(yǔ)原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu), 找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系, 再按照漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。
【第4句】:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。 在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3) 分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4) 分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。
(5) 注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行分析:
例【第1句】: Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
分析: (1) 該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) 該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句; who is raised in an environment為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child; where there are many stimuli為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli; 在suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 主語(yǔ)為child, 謂語(yǔ)為experience, 賓語(yǔ)為greater intellectual development.
在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)為:
行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。
例【第2句】: For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
分析: (1) 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else. 是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。
(2) 該句中共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)為第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。
(3) 句首的for a family of four作狀語(yǔ), 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ): for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 修飾to sit comfortably at home. 綜合上述翻譯方法,這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為:
譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來(lái)說(shuō), 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂(lè)節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
【第5句】:長(zhǎng)句的翻譯
英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1) 順序法。
當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:
例【第1句】: Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成, 共有五層意思: A. 既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí); B.電仍在為我們工作; C. 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱; D. 加熱水; E. 或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過(guò)順序法, 把該句翻譯成:
即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
例【第2句】: But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is realized that…”, it為形式主語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to ?結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語(yǔ), the time ?是“expectation of life”的同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: A. 可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到; B. 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的; C. 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”; D. 將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個(gè)句子就翻譯為:
可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說(shuō), 經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。 下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
篇五:經(jīng)典英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句
【第1句】: Looking beyond the 10-year period, the botanists estimate that some 3,000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25,000 species of plants in the United States.
在展望10年后的情況時(shí)植物學(xué)家們估計(jì),在未來(lái)可預(yù)見(jiàn)到的時(shí)間內(nèi),3 000種本地植物——占美國(guó)近25 000種植物的10%——將可能滅絕。
【第2句】: The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration, because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.
野生禽類(lèi)和許多其他動(dòng)物每年的遷徙,當(dāng)然不能被看做是一種探險(xiǎn)行為,因?yàn)椋@些遷徙活動(dòng)實(shí)際上只是從一個(gè)棲息地轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)棲息地,以躲避氣候的季節(jié)性變化。
【第3句】: Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits: it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics; can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn‘t traditionally have; can improve the nutritional value of products; and can produce cheaper and more environmentallyfriendly fertilizers.
轉(zhuǎn)基因食物的倡導(dǎo)者指出,用生物技術(shù)生產(chǎn)食物有很多益處:它能加速作物和牲畜的生長(zhǎng)速度,并使它們具有所要求的特點(diǎn);它可以給食物增添以往不具備的特征;可以改進(jìn)食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值;可以生產(chǎn)出廉價(jià)、環(huán)保效果更好的肥料。
【第4句】: What makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core. And that fact means one thing: it‘s an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables, but dinner tables.
使這場(chǎng)辯論不同一般的是:我們吃的每頓飯都成為爭(zhēng)論的中心。而且,這個(gè)事實(shí)意味著一件事:這不僅是政策制定會(huì)上應(yīng)該討論的問(wèn)題,而且是飯桌上要討論的問(wèn)題。
【第5句】:“Contact us before writing your application”or“Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history” is how it is usually expressed.
“寫(xiě)申請(qǐng)前同我們聯(lián)系”,“利用我們多年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)準(zhǔn)備你的學(xué)歷或工作經(jīng)歷”,這種廣告經(jīng)常這樣宣傳。
【第6句】: There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.
但是,毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),正是由于在申請(qǐng)工作的過(guò)程中具有大學(xué)學(xué)歷的人數(shù)增加,使得簡(jiǎn)歷更加重要。
【第7句】: Other goals of the interview are: to answer questions successfully, obtain any additional information needed to make a decision, accent your special strengths, establish a positive relationship, show confidence, and to sell yourself.
參加面試其他的目標(biāo)包括:成功地回答問(wèn)題,為做決定獲得更多信息,強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的特殊優(yōu)勢(shì),建立良好的關(guān)系,表達(dá)自己的信心,推銷(xiāo)自己。
【第8句】: Based on these goals, place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories: company data, personal data, and specific job data.
在明確這些目標(biāo)的基礎(chǔ)上,將自己設(shè)想為面試你的人,在以下三個(gè)方面為自己設(shè)想出一些問(wèn)題以及這些問(wèn)題的答案:公司數(shù)據(jù)信息,個(gè)人信息,有關(guān)某份工作的特定信息。
【第9句】: Since the interview will center on you, proper self-management process is divided into four stages: the before stage, the greeting stage, the consultation stage, and the departure stage.
既然面試的焦點(diǎn)是你,應(yīng)該在以下四個(gè)階段做出合理的準(zhǔn)備:面試前階段,問(wèn)候階段,商洽階段,告別階段。
【第10句】: The before stage includes writing a confirmation letter, concentrating on appearance and nonverbal communication, developing your portfolio, anticipating questions with positive responses, and arriving early. 面試前階段包括寫(xiě)一封確認(rèn)函、集中注意自己的儀表和非語(yǔ)言行為、準(zhǔn)備好自己的資料、設(shè)想一些問(wèn)題以及對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的正面回答、早到面試地點(diǎn)。
【第11句】: The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously, using waiting-room smarts, using your time wisely, and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.
問(wèn)候階段包括禮貌地向每個(gè)人問(wèn)候,在等候室靈活使用一些交往技能,合理地使用自己的時(shí)間,同面試你的人會(huì)面時(shí)恰如其分地使用一些禮節(jié)。
【第12句】: The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm, knowing when to interject key points, showing sincerity, highlighting your strengths, and listening intently.
商洽階段包括反應(yīng)機(jī)敏、熱情,知道何時(shí)應(yīng)該(在交談中)插入一些關(guān)鍵信息,要表現(xiàn)得誠(chéng)懇,突出自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn),注意傾聽(tīng)。
【第13句】: If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks, call back or write a follow-up letter. You may get turned down. If so, try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.
如果公司兩周內(nèi)沒(méi)有反應(yīng),打個(gè)電話或再寫(xiě)封信過(guò)去。你可能沒(méi)有被雇用,如果是這樣的話,找出原因,以便進(jìn)行自我改進(jìn)。
【第14句】: I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one‘s shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.
我追求愛(ài),其次是因?yàn)閻?ài)使我擺脫孤獨(dú)。在這種可怕的孤獨(dú)時(shí)刻,人們似乎處于世界的邊緣,顫抖的意識(shí)面對(duì)著冷酷而死寂的無(wú)底深淵。
【第15句】: Non-traditional students, overwhelmingly female, began to study on a part-time basis, the numbers of women going to graduate school increased, and women sought entry to the non-traditional position of university faculty member.
新類(lèi)型的學(xué)生——絕大多數(shù)是女生——開(kāi)始半工半讀式的學(xué)習(xí),攻讀研究生的女生數(shù)量增加了,婦女開(kāi)始從事大學(xué)教師這樣的非傳統(tǒng)職業(yè)。
【第16句】: This decline occurred in both coeducational and women‘s colleges where women faculty declined from 72% in 1940 to 50% in 1955 and dropped to a low of 45% in 19【第78句】:
人數(shù)的減少普遍存在于男女同校的大學(xué),也存在于女子學(xué)校。在女子學(xué)校,女教師的比例從1940年的72%減少到1955年的50%,到1978年降低到45%的低點(diǎn)。
【第17句】: More than one-third of employers in a new survey say they would probably cut off health benefits to their workers if Congress passes a law allowing patients to sue managed care plans for malpractice.
在一項(xiàng)新的調(diào)查中,有超過(guò)三分之一的雇主表示:如果國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)一項(xiàng)使病人可以因管理不善起訴管理醫(yī)療保健計(jì)劃的法律,雇主可能會(huì)削減工人的醫(yī)療補(bǔ)貼。
【第18句】: The employers apparently fear the legislation could open the door to the same kinds of suits against them. Companies are already struggling to contain rising health costs and deal with workers who complain that managed care blocks their access to care.
雇主顯然擔(dān)心這樣的立法會(huì)為對(duì)他們類(lèi)似的起訴打開(kāi)大門(mén)。公司已經(jīng)在竭力支付日益增長(zhǎng)的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,處理工人們的投訴,這些工人認(rèn)為管理醫(yī)療計(jì)劃阻礙了他們享受醫(yī)療服務(wù)。
【第19句】: Although companies have relied on health maintenance organizations and other types of managed care firms to control costs through most of the 1990s, the Hewitt survey showed employers have serious concerns about the health plans.
在九十年代的大部分時(shí)間里,雖然公司依靠保健機(jī)構(gòu)和其他類(lèi)型的管理醫(yī)療公司來(lái)控制花費(fèi),Hewitt調(diào)查顯示,雇主們很關(guān)心保健計(jì)劃。
【第20句】: Whatever you decide to do in the way of part-time and vacation work while you‘re at university,make sure that you take the following issues into consideration before committing yourself:
在上學(xué)期間無(wú)論你決定做什么臨時(shí)工作或假期內(nèi)打工,在做出決定之前,你都應(yīng)該考慮到下列問(wèn)題:
【第21句】: Interface with the Business Development Support Group to assist in developing strategic communication plans for new business development, working with government relations and protocol specialist in supporting visits from various external stakeholders.
與業(yè)務(wù)開(kāi)發(fā)支持部門(mén)協(xié)調(diào),協(xié)助制定交際策略方案,開(kāi)發(fā)新業(yè)務(wù);幫助協(xié)調(diào)與政府的關(guān)系,同禮儀專(zhuān)家一道負(fù)責(zé)接待與公司有密切關(guān)系的外來(lái)造訪者。
【第22句】: External communications experience in a media, corporate or agency setting, knowledge of media and communications vehicles and the fundamental principles of journalism and public relations, successful project management experience, with excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
有在媒體機(jī)構(gòu)、公司或代理機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)外交際工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn),熟悉各種媒體和交際手段,熟知新聞和公共關(guān)系方面的基本原理,具有項(xiàng)目管理的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),具有優(yōu)良的交際和人際關(guān)系處理技能。
【第23句】: In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation.
今年,在許多州,州立大學(xué)的預(yù)算不得不減少或凍結(jié),而學(xué)費(fèi)——學(xué)生所承擔(dān)的費(fèi)用——卻上升了,在某些情況下上升得比通貨膨脹率還要快。
【第24句】: So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education.
所以,正是在這種背景下,全國(guó)州長(zhǎng)協(xié)會(huì)在過(guò)去的一周里聚集在這座新英格蘭地區(qū)的城市,討論他們共同關(guān)心的問(wèn)題,其中之一是高等教育問(wèn)題。
【第25句】: And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.
在大學(xué)問(wèn)題上,他們談話的焦點(diǎn)不是如何更有效地花錢(qián),而是提高大學(xué)體制的效率,許多人感到這個(gè)體制效率非常低下,而且變得僵化。
【第26句】: As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges o a global economy in the 21st century.
結(jié)果,州長(zhǎng)們將對(duì)教育體制進(jìn)行歷時(shí)三年的研究,研究的目標(biāo)是如何使州立大學(xué)更好地迎接21世紀(jì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域里的挑戰(zhàn)。
【第27句】:“With tuition rising faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say,”‘Enough!’“Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said. 共和黨人賓州州長(zhǎng)湯姆?里奇說(shuō):隨著學(xué)費(fèi)比通貨膨脹率上漲得快,學(xué)生完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)需要的時(shí)間越來(lái)越長(zhǎng),有一天公眾會(huì)說(shuō):夠了!
【第28句】: Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force.
會(huì)議結(jié)束后,里奇和其他州長(zhǎng)們更堅(jiān)信:高等教育需要革新?lián)Q面,也許應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)提高效率,滿足新技術(shù)和變化的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的要求。
【第29句】: Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.
幾位州長(zhǎng)提到,除了審查教學(xué)大綱外,也許還應(yīng)該確立更清楚的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),提高服務(wù)的效率,對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行更多的能力測(cè)試。
【第30句】: Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.
像我們的政治社會(huì)一樣,今天的大學(xué)正在受到嚴(yán)厲抨擊,而且理由也許相同,即:我們這個(gè)時(shí)代要做的事情已經(jīng)大都完成,但是我們做得還不盡善盡美,而且,雖然我們做出了一些論斷,但我們也說(shuō)了許多不正確的話。
【第31句】: The university should use one-fourth of a student‘s time in his undergraduate years and organize it into courses which might be called history, and literature and philosophy, and anything else appropriate and organize these around primary problems.
大學(xué)應(yīng)該使本科生花四分之一的時(shí)間,學(xué)習(xí)被稱(chēng)做歷史、文學(xué)、哲學(xué)或其他合適的課程,通過(guò)這些課程來(lái)探討重大問(wèn)題。
【第32句】: On the other hand, there could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and subordinate classes, each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission.
從另一方面講,如果這種知識(shí)被有意識(shí)地用來(lái)復(fù)制優(yōu)等或劣等群體,天生讓這些人來(lái)完成某一預(yù)定的使命,那就會(huì)產(chǎn)生非常嚴(yán)重的后果。
【第33句】: After all, the purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will find, to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.
畢竟,教育的目的不僅是傳授知識(shí),而且還要教會(huì)學(xué)生使用已經(jīng)或?qū)⒁莆盏闹R(shí),教育他們學(xué)會(huì)提問(wèn)并回答重大問(wèn)題。
【第34句】: Many people expect this to change fundamentally the nature of television programming and viewing, from a broadcast medium (dominated by big networks like Britain‘s BBC and ITV and the big US networks, showing a mixture of programme types with something for everyone) to a“narrowcast” medium more like today’s magazines and radio.
許多人預(yù)期這將根本改變電視節(jié)目安排和收視的本質(zhì)特征,從一種廣播媒體(主宰者是像BBC、ITV和美國(guó)的各大電視網(wǎng)絡(luò),涵蓋每個(gè)人所需要的節(jié)目類(lèi)型)變成小范圍播送的媒體,更像今天的雜志和收音機(jī)一樣。
【第35句】: The argument is that, as with gardening magazines today, such a channel could generate revenue both from subscriptions (since it would be tailored to that target audience) and from advertising (not just for gardening products, but also for other products and services such as cruise holidays and financial services aimed at the same target market)。
其中的論點(diǎn)是,像今天的園藝雜志一樣,這種頻道不僅從入網(wǎng)費(fèi)上取得收入(既然它滿足的是特定觀眾的需要),而且通過(guò)播出廣告掙錢(qián)(不僅是園藝產(chǎn)品的廣告,而且包括其他產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)項(xiàng)目,如長(zhǎng)途旅游的假期,面向同樣的特定市場(chǎng)的金融服務(wù))。
【第36句】: In the five years I‘ve worked here, we’ve gone to off-campus parties to write about underage drinking at our local college, exposed corruption in a local economic development group, and traced an embezzlers criminal past all the way to Alaska. I‘ve never seen our paper back down from a story.
我在這里工作的五年期間,我們?nèi)⒓舆^(guò)校園外的聚會(huì),寫(xiě)過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)卮髮W(xué)的青少年飲酒問(wèn)題,揭發(fā)過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)啬硞€(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)集團(tuán)的腐敗問(wèn)題,一直追蹤到阿拉斯加揭露出一起侵吞公款的案件。我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)我們的報(bào)紙放棄過(guò)一次報(bào)道。
【第37句】: Recently, when a young boy was shot to death, I had to repeatedly leave the scene to my editor from a pay phone, while the reporter from a competing paper used his cell phone to chat with his office from the doorstep of the victim‘s house.
最近,在報(bào)道一個(gè)小男孩被擊斃的事件時(shí),我不得不一次次離開(kāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng),通過(guò)付費(fèi)電話告知我的編輯更新消息,而作為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的那家報(bào)紙的記者,可以站在受害者家門(mén)口的臺(tái)階上用手機(jī)與辦公室交談。
【第38句】: They lose daily contact with Nature, their idea of Nature is rather vague and non-experiential, so they think that they are independent of and above Nature, or even can live without Nature.
他們與大自然失去了日常聯(lián)系,對(duì)大自然的認(rèn)識(shí)是相當(dāng)模糊的、非經(jīng)驗(yàn)式的,所以,他們認(rèn)為自己獨(dú)立于大自然或凌駕其上,甚至認(rèn)為沒(méi)有大自然照樣可以生存。
【第39句】: Thinking in terms of public experiences, we find that joyous experiences are a means; when thinking subjectively, or in terms of ones own sense experiences, we find that joyous experiences are an end. 從集體經(jīng)驗(yàn)的角度來(lái)看,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)歡樂(lè)的體驗(yàn)是一種手段;從主觀上來(lái)說(shuō),或者從個(gè)人的感官體驗(yàn)來(lái)說(shuō),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)歡樂(lè)的體驗(yàn)是一種目的。