考研英語閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo)之醫(yī)學(xué)類01

　　閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) 　　[醫(yī)學(xué)類] 　　題目序號 　　題型歸類 　　第1題 　　中心主旨題型 　　第2題 　　審題定位題型 　　第3題 　　細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 　　第4題 　　句間關(guān)系題型 　　第5題 　　細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 　　Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormonesmight be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and thehypothalamus was thought to be the brains only endocrinegland. What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brainbarrier, researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brainother than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then releasedinto the bloodstream. 　　But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned aslaboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, wheninjected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicatingthat either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums arepresent. The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means ofantiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible and this methodcannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really arethe hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore, this method cannot beused to determine the location in the body where the detected substances areactually produced. 　　New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way toanswer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNAs that canserve as molecular probes seek out the messenger RNAs of thepeptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will containthese mRNAs. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones butare not identical to them, then the c DNAs should still bindto these mRNAs, but should not bind as tightly as they would to m RNAs for thetrue hormones. The cells containing these mRNAs can then beisolated and their mRNAs decoded to determine just what their protein products are and howclosely the products resemble the true peptide hormones. 　　The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNAprobes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it cantake years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and thendevelop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of manyresearchers, states: I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me thatthe field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input. The process ofgrinding out protein purifications is just too slow. 　　If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormonesreally are made in brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must bedeveloped that explains their function in the brain. Some have suggested thatthe hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosens work on rat brainsindicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose thatthey might be used for intercellular communication in the brain. 　　1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the text? 　　[A] Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communicationin the Brain? 　　[B] Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to SynthesizePeptide Hormones? 　　[C] The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to DetectingPeptide Hormones. 　　[D] Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of TheirDetection and to Understand Their Function? 　　2.The text suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserumsto peptide hormones may 　　[A] have been stored in the brain for a long period of time. 　　[B] play no role in the functioning of the brain. 　　[C] have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain. 　　[D] have escaped detection by molecular methods. 　　3.According to the text, confirmation of the belief that peptide hormones arecreated in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus would forcescientists to 　　[A] reject the theory that peptide hormones are made by endocrine glands. 　　[B] revise their beliefs about the ability of antiserums to detect peptidehormones. 　　[C] invent techniques that would allow them to locate accurately brain cellsthat produce peptide hormones. 　　[D] develop a theory that account for the role played by peptide hormones inthe brain. 　　4.Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a drawback of theimmunological method of detecting peptide hormones? 　　[A] It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain. 　　[B] It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that arevery similar to them. 　　[C] It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. 　　[D] It involves a purification process that requires extensive training inendocrinology. 　　5.The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain from developments inmolecular biology is regarded by Roberts with 　　[A] incredulity. 　　[B] derision. 　　[C] indifference. 　　[D] enthusiasm. 　　[答案與考點(diǎn)解析] 　　1.【答案】D 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。全文從頭至尾討論的是peptide hormones在人體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的部位，所以有關(guān)全文中心主旨內(nèi)容的答案應(yīng)該包含peptide hormones。從各段的主題句進(jìn)行分析，第一至四段主要講如何detect肽激素所產(chǎn)生的位置，第五段主要講有關(guān)肽激素的function。可見本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要搞清楚原文所涉及的對象并且抓住每段的主題句以及它們之間的相互關(guān)系。 　　2.【答案】C 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位題。根據(jù)題干中的a substance detected可把本題的正確選項(xiàng)迅速確定在第二段的尾句。該句所涉及的核心問題是where，所以本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是C?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要迅速而準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行審題定位。 　　3.【答案】D 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。通過本題題干中的peptide hormones are created in the brain in areas other than thehypothalamus可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在尾段的第一句。尾段第一句主要就肽激素的function進(jìn)行論述，可見本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D，選項(xiàng)D中的role就等于原文中的function。考生在解題時(shí)一定要善于抓住主句中的重要信息。 　　4.【答案】B 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道句間關(guān)系題。根據(jù)本題題干中的the immunological method可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段的第二句，而本題的確切答題點(diǎn)在第二段的第三句的后半部分。從第二段第三句的后半部分可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確答案是B。考生在解題時(shí)一定要注意一般概括句和具體陳述句之間的相互關(guān)系。 　　5.【答案】D 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。根據(jù)本題題干中的人名Roberts可將本題的答案迅速確定在倒數(shù)第二段引號部分的第二句話，即But一詞引導(dǎo)的句子。從該句中的needed一詞可以看出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D。考生在解題時(shí)一定要學(xué)會深入理解原文的字面含義。 　　[參考譯文] 　　肽激素除了下丘腦能制造，在大腦中任何其它的地方都能夠制造。大約五年前僅這一想法本身就是令人驚詫的。科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，肽激素是由內(nèi)分泌腺制造的，而下丘腦被認(rèn)為是大腦中唯一的內(nèi)分泌腺。而且，由于肽激素?zé)o法穿過血腦障礙，研究人員認(rèn)為它們從不曾到過除下丘腦以外的大腦任何其它部位，肽激素僅在下丘腦制造出來，然后被釋放到血管中。 　　但是關(guān)于肽激素的這種觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)遭到質(zhì)疑。通過一次又一次的實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，肽激素的抗血清一旦被注射到大腦中，它就會在下丘腦以外的地方粘接起來。這就說明這些地方或是有肽激素存在，或是有與抗血清發(fā)生交叉反應(yīng)的其他物質(zhì)存在。但是，通過抗血清來檢驗(yàn)肽激素的免疫學(xué)方法是不精確的。交叉反應(yīng)可能會發(fā)生，而且以這種手段無法確認(rèn)用抗血清檢測的特質(zhì)確實(shí)是肽激素還是僅是與其近似的親緣物質(zhì)。另外，這種方法不能用來確定被測物質(zhì)在人體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的部位。 　　然而，分子生物學(xué)的新技術(shù)為解決這些問題提供了一個(gè)新途徑?？茖W(xué)家可以制造出一種特別的互補(bǔ)DNAS ，作為分子探子查找出肽激素的信使RNAS 。如果腦細(xì)胞正在制造肽激素，那么它應(yīng)該包含這些信使RNAS。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的產(chǎn)品與肽激素相似但并不完全相同，那么這些互補(bǔ)cDANS仍然會和這些信使mRNAS粘結(jié)，但不會象和真正肽激素的信使mRNAS結(jié)合得那么緊密，這些包含信使mRNAS的細(xì)胞能被分開。研究者可以將信使mRNAS解碼以確定其蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么及這些產(chǎn)品在多大程度上類似于真正的肽激素。 　　采用cDAN探子這一分子生物學(xué)方法檢測肽激素同時(shí)也比免疫學(xué)方法快得多，因?yàn)槿绻妹庖邔W(xué)方法，分離肽激素需要幾年枯燥乏味的提純過程，然后還需培養(yǎng)出他們的抗血清。羅伯茨的一番話表達(dá)了許多研究人員的心聲，他說：我是作為一名內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家接受訓(xùn)練的，但情況對我來說很清楚，內(nèi)分泌學(xué)領(lǐng)域需要分子生物學(xué)的輸入，靠碾磨來制造蛋白質(zhì)純化物的過程實(shí)在是太慢了。 　　如果正如用cDNA探子所做的最初測試表明的那樣，肽激素確實(shí)是由大腦中下丘腦以外的部位制造出來的，則有必要建立一套理論來解釋它們在大腦中的作用。某些學(xué)者指出肽激素是生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，但羅森對老鼠大腦所作的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明事實(shí)并非如此。很多其它的研究人員指出肽激素或許被用于大腦內(nèi)細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞間的信息傳輸。

　　閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) 　　[醫(yī)學(xué)類] 　　題目序號 　　題型歸類 　　第1題 　　中心主旨題型 　　第2題 　　審題定位題型 　　第3題 　　細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 　　第4題 　　句間關(guān)系題型 　　第5題 　　細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 　　Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormonesmight be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and thehypothalamus was thought to be the brains only endocrinegland. What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brainbarrier, researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brainother than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then releasedinto the bloodstream. 　　But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned aslaboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, wheninjected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicatingthat either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums arepresent. The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means ofantiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible and this methodcannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really arethe hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore, this method cannot beused to determine the location in the body where the detected substances areactually produced. 　　New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way toanswer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNAs that canserve as molecular probes seek out the messenger RNAs of thepeptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will containthese mRNAs. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones butare not identical to them, then the c DNAs should still bindto these mRNAs, but should not bind as tightly as they would to m RNAs for thetrue hormones. The cells containing these mRNAs can then beisolated and their mRNAs decoded to determine just what their protein products are and howclosely the products resemble the true peptide hormones. 　　The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNAprobes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it cantake years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and thendevelop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of manyresearchers, states: I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me thatthe field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input. The process ofgrinding out protein purifications is just too slow. 　　If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormonesreally are made in brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must bedeveloped that explains their function in the brain. Some have suggested thatthe hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosens work on rat brainsindicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose thatthey might be used for intercellular communication in the brain. 　　1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the text? 　　[A] Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communicationin the Brain? 　　[B] Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to SynthesizePeptide Hormones? 　　[C] The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to DetectingPeptide Hormones. 　　[D] Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of TheirDetection and to Understand Their Function? 　　2.The text suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserumsto peptide hormones may 　　[A] have been stored in the brain for a long period of time. 　　[B] play no role in the functioning of the brain. 　　[C] have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain. 　　[D] have escaped detection by molecular methods. 　　3.According to the text, confirmation of the belief that peptide hormones arecreated in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus would forcescientists to 　　[A] reject the theory that peptide hormones are made by endocrine glands. 　　[B] revise their beliefs about the ability of antiserums to detect peptidehormones. 　　[C] invent techniques that would allow them to locate accurately brain cellsthat produce peptide hormones. 　　[D] develop a theory that account for the role played by peptide hormones inthe brain. 　　4.Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a drawback of theimmunological method of detecting peptide hormones? 　　[A] It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain. 　　[B] It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that arevery similar to them. 　　[C] It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. 　　[D] It involves a purification process that requires extensive training inendocrinology. 　　5.The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain from developments inmolecular biology is regarded by Roberts with 　　[A] incredulity. 　　[B] derision. 　　[C] indifference. 　　[D] enthusiasm. 　　[答案與考點(diǎn)解析] 　　1.【答案】D 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。全文從頭至尾討論的是peptide hormones在人體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的部位，所以有關(guān)全文中心主旨內(nèi)容的答案應(yīng)該包含peptide hormones。從各段的主題句進(jìn)行分析，第一至四段主要講如何detect肽激素所產(chǎn)生的位置，第五段主要講有關(guān)肽激素的function?？梢姳绢}的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D。考生在解題時(shí)一定要搞清楚原文所涉及的對象并且抓住每段的主題句以及它們之間的相互關(guān)系。 　　2.【答案】C 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位題。根據(jù)題干中的a substance detected可把本題的正確選項(xiàng)迅速確定在第二段的尾句。該句所涉及的核心問題是where，所以本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是C?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要迅速而準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行審題定位。 　　3.【答案】D 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。通過本題題干中的peptide hormones are created in the brain in areas other than thehypothalamus可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在尾段的第一句。尾段第一句主要就肽激素的function進(jìn)行論述，可見本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D，選項(xiàng)D中的role就等于原文中的function。考生在解題時(shí)一定要善于抓住主句中的重要信息。 　　4.【答案】B 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道句間關(guān)系題。根據(jù)本題題干中的the immunological method可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段的第二句，而本題的確切答題點(diǎn)在第二段的第三句的后半部分。從第二段第三句的后半部分可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確答案是B?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要注意一般概括句和具體陳述句之間的相互關(guān)系。 　　5.【答案】D 　　【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。根據(jù)本題題干中的人名Roberts可將本題的答案迅速確定在倒數(shù)第二段引號部分的第二句話，即But一詞引導(dǎo)的句子。從該句中的needed一詞可以看出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要學(xué)會深入理解原文的字面含義。 　　[參考譯文] 　　肽激素除了下丘腦能制造，在大腦中任何其它的地方都能夠制造。大約五年前僅這一想法本身就是令人驚詫的?？茖W(xué)家認(rèn)為，肽激素是由內(nèi)分泌腺制造的，而下丘腦被認(rèn)為是大腦中唯一的內(nèi)分泌腺。而且，由于肽激素?zé)o法穿過血腦障礙，研究人員認(rèn)為它們從不曾到過除下丘腦以外的大腦任何其它部位，肽激素僅在下丘腦制造出來，然后被釋放到血管中。 　　但是關(guān)于肽激素的這種觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)遭到質(zhì)疑。通過一次又一次的實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，肽激素的抗血清一旦被注射到大腦中，它就會在下丘腦以外的地方粘接起來。這就說明這些地方或是有肽激素存在，或是有與抗血清發(fā)生交叉反應(yīng)的其他物質(zhì)存在。但是，通過抗血清來檢驗(yàn)肽激素的免疫學(xué)方法是不精確的。交叉反應(yīng)可能會發(fā)生，而且以這種手段無法確認(rèn)用抗血清檢測的特質(zhì)確實(shí)是肽激素還是僅是與其近似的親緣物質(zhì)。另外，這種方法不能用來確定被測物質(zhì)在人體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的部位。 　　然而，分子生物學(xué)的新技術(shù)為解決這些問題提供了一個(gè)新途徑?？茖W(xué)家可以制造出一種特別的互補(bǔ)DNAS ，作為分子探子查找出肽激素的信使RNAS 。如果腦細(xì)胞正在制造肽激素，那么它應(yīng)該包含這些信使RNAS。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的產(chǎn)品與肽激素相似但并不完全相同，那么這些互補(bǔ)cDANS仍然會和這些信使mRNAS粘結(jié)，但不會象和真正肽激素的信使mRNAS結(jié)合得那么緊密，這些包含信使mRNAS的細(xì)胞能被分開。研究者可以將信使mRNAS解碼以確定其蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么及這些產(chǎn)品在多大程度上類似于真正的肽激素。 　　采用cDAN探子這一分子生物學(xué)方法檢測肽激素同時(shí)也比免疫學(xué)方法快得多，因?yàn)槿绻妹庖邔W(xué)方法，分離肽激素需要幾年枯燥乏味的提純過程，然后還需培養(yǎng)出他們的抗血清。羅伯茨的一番話表達(dá)了許多研究人員的心聲，他說：我是作為一名內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家接受訓(xùn)練的，但情況對我來說很清楚，內(nèi)分泌學(xué)領(lǐng)域需要分子生物學(xué)的輸入，靠碾磨來制造蛋白質(zhì)純化物的過程實(shí)在是太慢了。 　　如果正如用cDNA探子所做的最初測試表明的那樣，肽激素確實(shí)是由大腦中下丘腦以外的部位制造出來的，則有必要建立一套理論來解釋它們在大腦中的作用。某些學(xué)者指出肽激素是生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，但羅森對老鼠大腦所作的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明事實(shí)并非如此。很多其它的研究人員指出肽激素或許被用于大腦內(nèi)細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞間的信息傳輸。