諾貝爾生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 The 2023 Nobel prizes 諾貝爾生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng) Good eggs 再生醫(yī)學(xué)界的大好人 THIS year s Nobel physiology prize goes to SirJohn Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for a crucialdiscovery in stem-cell science?how to make what are known as pluripotent stem cellsfrom ordinary body cells. 今年的諾貝爾生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?lì)C給了約翰格登爵士和山中伸彌，來(lái)表彰他們?cè)诟杉?xì)胞領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)-那就是如何利用普通的體細(xì)胞來(lái)合成多功能干細(xì)胞。 What the citation does not say is that this work also allows clones to be made from adultanimals, potentially including people. 諾貝爾頒獎(jiǎng)典禮上的褒獎(jiǎng)詞沒(méi)有指出的是，這項(xiàng)成果使得成年動(dòng)物 的克隆成為可能，也有可能可以克隆人類。 A stem cell is one that can differentiate into daughter cells specialised for particularfunctions, and all the cells in a body are thus derived from stem cells. 干細(xì)胞是一種可以分化成姐妹細(xì)胞的物質(zhì)，而姐妹細(xì)胞則擔(dān)當(dāng)某種特定的功能 ，體內(nèi)的所有細(xì)胞都是來(lái)源于干細(xì)胞的。 That includes the stem cellsthemselves, which derive from ur stem cells found in embryos. 而干細(xì)胞則是來(lái)自胚胎中的ur干細(xì)胞。 These embryonic stem cells are the pluripotent cells, meaning they can turn into many othersorts of cell. 這些胚胎干細(xì)胞就是多功能干細(xì)胞，他們可以分化成很多其他種類的細(xì)胞。 Pluripotent embryonic stem cells are of great value to researchers but, if the embryos theycame from were human, their use is controversial. 多功能胚胎干細(xì)胞對(duì)于研究者來(lái)講彌足珍貴，但是如果這些胚胎來(lái)自于人類，那這些干細(xì)胞的使用就有爭(zhēng)議了。 Also, if such cells are ever to play a useful role in medicine, then they will need to beavailable in bulkand ideally in a form whose DNA matches that of the recipient. 而且，這些細(xì)胞在醫(yī)藥方面扮演著如何重要角色， 那么 我們就大量需要這些干細(xì)胞了在理想的情況下，這些干細(xì)胞的DNA和接受者的DNA相匹配。 Sir John and Dr Yamanaka have both conducted work that should help make this possible. 格登爵士和山中博士的研究就是來(lái)推動(dòng)這一試想實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。 Sir John s prizewinning study, published half a century ago, in 1962, when he was at OxfordUniversity, was to transplant the nuclei of cells from adults of a frog called Xenopus laevis intoenucleated eggs of that species. 格登爵士的獲獎(jiǎng)研究發(fā)表于半個(gè)世紀(jì)前的1962年，當(dāng)時(shí)他正在牛津大學(xué)讀書(shū)，打算將一只成年非洲爪蟾的細(xì)胞核移植到同類的無(wú)核卵子中。 The eggs in question then developed into healthy adults. 這些卵子隨后發(fā)育成健康的非洲爪蛙。 This showed that DNA is not altered during embryonic development, at least in Xenopus. 這表明DNA在胚胎發(fā)育的過(guò)程中并未變異，只是在非洲爪蛙的身上沒(méi)有發(fā)生變異。 It thus suggested it might be possible to get an entire adult cell to perform a similar trick,without involving an egg at all. 這表明很有可能在得到一個(gè)成年完整細(xì)胞的情況下，通過(guò)同樣的試驗(yàn)，但是不用卵子。 That was what Dr Yamanaka did. 而后者就是由山中博士完成的。 He and his colleagues at Kyoto University managed to activate four crucial genes in adultmouse cells. 在日本京都大學(xué)，他和他的同事成功激活了四個(gè)成年老鼠細(xì)胞中的關(guān)鍵基因。 These genes each encode a protein of a type known as a transcription factor, whichcontrols the expression of DNA. 這些基因每個(gè)都可以表達(dá)生成一種蛋白質(zhì)，轉(zhuǎn)錄因子，控制DNA的表達(dá)。 Together, they trick the cell in question into thinking it is part of an embryo. 和他的同事一起，他們將試驗(yàn)細(xì)胞看成胚胎的一部分。 In the first experiment, conducted in 2005, Dr Yamanaka did not get complete mice, but hedid turn the adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. Subsequent work by his group and othersthen produced embryos which, if transplanted into the womb of a female mouse, will go allthe way to adulthood. 第一個(gè)試驗(yàn)是2005年完成的，山中博士的細(xì)胞沒(méi)有發(fā)育成完整的老鼠，但是博士確實(shí)將成年細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成了多功能胚胎干細(xì)胞。他的科研小組隨后生成了這種胚胎，如果將該胚胎植入一只雌性老鼠的子宮內(nèi)，它就會(huì)發(fā)育成老鼠。 Finally, in 2007, Dr Yamanaka managed to switch on the same four genes in adult humancells, and thus generated pluripotent human stem cells. 最后，于2007年，山中博士成功轉(zhuǎn)變了成年人體細(xì)胞中的同四種基因，而后生成了多功能人體干細(xì)胞。 In principle, that opens the door to human cloning, though no one has tried this inpracticeand in most countries such an experiment would be illegal. 理論上，這一研究開(kāi)啟了人類克隆的大門(mén)，盡管還沒(méi)有人曾付諸實(shí)施-大多數(shù)國(guó)家，這種試驗(yàn)都是非法的。 It also opens the door, though, to bespoke tissue repair as it would allow cells of whatevertype were desired to be grown from, say, a few skin cells and then transplanted back into thedonor without risking an adverse reaction from his immune system. 這一研究也開(kāi)啟了訂制組織修復(fù)的大門(mén)，因?yàn)榭梢詫⑷魏畏N類的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成別的細(xì)胞，比如，一些皮膚細(xì)胞被移植回到捐獻(xiàn)者的體內(nèi)，而不用擔(dān)心會(huì)對(duì)捐獻(xiàn)者的免疫系統(tǒng)造成不良影響。 How well that would work in practice remains to be seen. 在實(shí)踐中，這項(xiàng)研究能走多遠(yuǎn)，我們拭目以待。 But if it works well then Sir John and Dr Yamanaka may turn out to have been the pioneers ofa whole, new field: regenerative medicine. 但是如果成功的話，格登爵士和山中博士就成為一項(xiàng)全新領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)了，那就是再生醫(yī)學(xué)。 詞語(yǔ)解釋 1.allow to 允許 Allow to freeze solid for 3-4 hours or overnight. 允許凍結(jié)3-4小時(shí)或隔夜固體。 Apply solution to the tube and allow to becometacky. 在內(nèi)胎上涂抹膠水并讓它發(fā)粘。 2.derive from 來(lái)源于 That includes the stem cells themselves, which derive from ur stem cells found inembryos. 而干細(xì)胞則是來(lái)自胚胎中的ur干細(xì)胞。 One answer is the indirect benefit that investors derive from addressing the economic risksof global warming. 答案之一是間接的好處，投資者從處理全球變暖的經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中得到好處。 3.turn into 變成,成為 Could all of this really turn into a full-fledged crisis? 所有這一切真的會(huì)變成一場(chǎng)完全的危機(jī)? Could 2010 turn into 1994 or 2004 for the markets? 2010年的市場(chǎng)會(huì)變成1994或2004年的市場(chǎng)嗎? 4.possible to 可能的 It isn t possible to verify his allegations. 他的這些說(shuō)法是不可能核實(shí)的。 It is still possible to eat tofu in long-established restaurants in kyoto. 現(xiàn)在你依然可以在京都?xì)v史悠久的餐館里吃豆腐。
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 The 2023 Nobel prizes 諾貝爾生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng) Good eggs 再生醫(yī)學(xué)界的大好人 THIS year s Nobel physiology prize goes to SirJohn Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for a crucialdiscovery in stem-cell science?how to make what are known as pluripotent stem cellsfrom ordinary body cells. 今年的諾貝爾生理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?lì)C給了約翰格登爵士和山中伸彌，來(lái)表彰他們?cè)诟杉?xì)胞領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)-那就是如何利用普通的體細(xì)胞來(lái)合成多功能干細(xì)胞。 What the citation does not say is that this work also allows clones to be made from adultanimals, potentially including people. 諾貝爾頒獎(jiǎng)典禮上的褒獎(jiǎng)詞沒(méi)有指出的是，這項(xiàng)成果使得成年動(dòng)物 的克隆成為可能，也有可能可以克隆人類。 A stem cell is one that can differentiate into daughter cells specialised for particularfunctions, and all the cells in a body are thus derived from stem cells. 干細(xì)胞是一種可以分化成姐妹細(xì)胞的物質(zhì)，而姐妹細(xì)胞則擔(dān)當(dāng)某種特定的功能 ，體內(nèi)的所有細(xì)胞都是來(lái)源于干細(xì)胞的。 That includes the stem cellsthemselves, which derive from ur stem cells found in embryos. 而干細(xì)胞則是來(lái)自胚胎中的ur干細(xì)胞。 These embryonic stem cells are the pluripotent cells, meaning they can turn into many othersorts of cell. 這些胚胎干細(xì)胞就是多功能干細(xì)胞，他們可以分化成很多其他種類的細(xì)胞。 Pluripotent embryonic stem cells are of great value to researchers but, if the embryos theycame from were human, their use is controversial. 多功能胚胎干細(xì)胞對(duì)于研究者來(lái)講彌足珍貴，但是如果這些胚胎來(lái)自于人類，那這些干細(xì)胞的使用就有爭(zhēng)議了。 Also, if such cells are ever to play a useful role in medicine, then they will need to beavailable in bulkand ideally in a form whose DNA matches that of the recipient. 而且，這些細(xì)胞在醫(yī)藥方面扮演著如何重要角色， 那么 我們就大量需要這些干細(xì)胞了在理想的情況下，這些干細(xì)胞的DNA和接受者的DNA相匹配。 Sir John and Dr Yamanaka have both conducted work that should help make this possible. 格登爵士和山中博士的研究就是來(lái)推動(dòng)這一試想實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。 Sir John s prizewinning study, published half a century ago, in 1962, when he was at OxfordUniversity, was to transplant the nuclei of cells from adults of a frog called Xenopus laevis intoenucleated eggs of that species. 格登爵士的獲獎(jiǎng)研究發(fā)表于半個(gè)世紀(jì)前的1962年，當(dāng)時(shí)他正在牛津大學(xué)讀書(shū)，打算將一只成年非洲爪蟾的細(xì)胞核移植到同類的無(wú)核卵子中。 The eggs in question then developed into healthy adults. 這些卵子隨后發(fā)育成健康的非洲爪蛙。 This showed that DNA is not altered during embryonic development, at least in Xenopus. 這表明DNA在胚胎發(fā)育的過(guò)程中并未變異，只是在非洲爪蛙的身上沒(méi)有發(fā)生變異。 It thus suggested it might be possible to get an entire adult cell to perform a similar trick,without involving an egg at all. 這表明很有可能在得到一個(gè)成年完整細(xì)胞的情況下，通過(guò)同樣的試驗(yàn)，但是不用卵子。 That was what Dr Yamanaka did. 而后者就是由山中博士完成的。 He and his colleagues at Kyoto University managed to activate four crucial genes in adultmouse cells. 在日本京都大學(xué)，他和他的同事成功激活了四個(gè)成年老鼠細(xì)胞中的關(guān)鍵基因。 These genes each encode a protein of a type known as a transcription factor, whichcontrols the expression of DNA. 這些基因每個(gè)都可以表達(dá)生成一種蛋白質(zhì)，轉(zhuǎn)錄因子，控制DNA的表達(dá)。 Together, they trick the cell in question into thinking it is part of an embryo. 和他的同事一起，他們將試驗(yàn)細(xì)胞看成胚胎的一部分。 In the first experiment, conducted in 2005, Dr Yamanaka did not get complete mice, but hedid turn the adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. Subsequent work by his group and othersthen produced embryos which, if transplanted into the womb of a female mouse, will go allthe way to adulthood. 第一個(gè)試驗(yàn)是2005年完成的，山中博士的細(xì)胞沒(méi)有發(fā)育成完整的老鼠，但是博士確實(shí)將成年細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成了多功能胚胎干細(xì)胞。他的科研小組隨后生成了這種胚胎，如果將該胚胎植入一只雌性老鼠的子宮內(nèi)，它就會(huì)發(fā)育成老鼠。 Finally, in 2007, Dr Yamanaka managed to switch on the same four genes in adult humancells, and thus generated pluripotent human stem cells. 最后，于2007年，山中博士成功轉(zhuǎn)變了成年人體細(xì)胞中的同四種基因，而后生成了多功能人體干細(xì)胞。 In principle, that opens the door to human cloning, though no one has tried this inpracticeand in most countries such an experiment would be illegal. 理論上，這一研究開(kāi)啟了人類克隆的大門(mén)，盡管還沒(méi)有人曾付諸實(shí)施-大多數(shù)國(guó)家，這種試驗(yàn)都是非法的。 It also opens the door, though, to bespoke tissue repair as it would allow cells of whatevertype were desired to be grown from, say, a few skin cells and then transplanted back into thedonor without risking an adverse reaction from his immune system. 這一研究也開(kāi)啟了訂制組織修復(fù)的大門(mén)，因?yàn)榭梢詫⑷魏畏N類的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化成別的細(xì)胞，比如，一些皮膚細(xì)胞被移植回到捐獻(xiàn)者的體內(nèi)，而不用擔(dān)心會(huì)對(duì)捐獻(xiàn)者的免疫系統(tǒng)造成不良影響。 How well that would work in practice remains to be seen. 在實(shí)踐中，這項(xiàng)研究能走多遠(yuǎn)，我們拭目以待。 But if it works well then Sir John and Dr Yamanaka may turn out to have been the pioneers ofa whole, new field: regenerative medicine. 但是如果成功的話，格登爵士和山中博士就成為一項(xiàng)全新領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)了，那就是再生醫(yī)學(xué)。 詞語(yǔ)解釋 1.allow to 允許 Allow to freeze solid for 3-4 hours or overnight. 允許凍結(jié)3-4小時(shí)或隔夜固體。 Apply solution to the tube and allow to becometacky. 在內(nèi)胎上涂抹膠水并讓它發(fā)粘。 2.derive from 來(lái)源于 That includes the stem cells themselves, which derive from ur stem cells found inembryos. 而干細(xì)胞則是來(lái)自胚胎中的ur干細(xì)胞。 One answer is the indirect benefit that investors derive from addressing the economic risksof global warming. 答案之一是間接的好處，投資者從處理全球變暖的經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中得到好處。 3.turn into 變成,成為 Could all of this really turn into a full-fledged crisis? 所有這一切真的會(huì)變成一場(chǎng)完全的危機(jī)? Could 2010 turn into 1994 or 2004 for the markets? 2010年的市場(chǎng)會(huì)變成1994或2004年的市場(chǎng)嗎? 4.possible to 可能的 It isn t possible to verify his allegations. 他的這些說(shuō)法是不可能核實(shí)的。 It is still possible to eat tofu in long-established restaurants in kyoto. 現(xiàn)在你依然可以在京都?xì)v史悠久的餐館里吃豆腐。
