英國(guó)規(guī)劃法
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 Britain s planning laws 英國(guó)規(guī)劃法 An Englishman s home 英國(guó)人之家 The shortage of housing is a gathering nationalcrisis. Rev up the bulldozers 英國(guó)住房匱乏，危機(jī)重重，應(yīng)大興土木! NOW that the economy is at last growing again, the burning issue inBritainis the cost ofliving. 既然英國(guó)最終恢復(fù)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，如今國(guó)民生活成本問(wèn)題便成了燃眉之急。 Prices have outstripped wages for the past six years. 過(guò)去六年來(lái)，物價(jià)一直超過(guò)工資水平。 Politicians have duly harried energy companies to cut their bills, and flirted with raising theminimum wage. 政治家們已適時(shí)地督促能源公司削減賬單，輔以增加最低工資水平的措施。 But the thing that is really out of control is the cost of housing. 但是真正失控的是房?jī)r(jià)。 In the past year wages have risen by1%; property prices are up by 8.4%. This is merely the latest in a long surge. 去年，工資已增長(zhǎng)了1%;房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格卻增長(zhǎng)了8.4%。 If since 1971 the price of groceries had risen as steeply as the cost of housing, a chickenwould cost 51. 這僅僅是長(zhǎng)期價(jià)格飆升中最近的一次。倘若自1971年，百貨商品的價(jià)格以房?jī)r(jià)一樣的增長(zhǎng)比例大幅上漲，一只雞將會(huì)賣到51英鎊。 By subsidising mortgages, and thus boosting demand, the government is exacerbating theproblem. 政府支助房屋貸款，進(jìn)而促進(jìn)需求，如此是不斷使問(wèn)題惡化。 But that is not the main reason for rising prices. 但是這并不是房?jī)r(jià)上漲的主要原因。 Driven by a baby-boom, immigration and longer lives,Britain s population is growing byaround 0.8% per year, faster than in most rich countries. 受嬰兒潮、移民、壽命延長(zhǎng)的影響，英國(guó)人口每年以大約0.8%的比率增加，要比大多數(shù)富裕國(guó)家更快。 Foreign wealth, meantime, is pouring intoLondon. 同時(shí)，外來(lái)人口正不斷涌入倫敦。 If supply were rising fast too, increasing demand would not matter; but it is not. 如果供給也增長(zhǎng)迅速，那么日益增長(zhǎng)的需求問(wèn)題也就不值一提了;然而事與愿違。 Though some 221,000 additional households are formed in England annually, just 108,000homes were built in the year to September 2023. 盡管每年英國(guó)都會(huì)新建多達(dá)22.1萬(wàn)的額外住房，2023年年初到9月僅有10.8萬(wàn)建好。 The lack of housing is an economic drag. 住房的匱乏一直給經(jīng)濟(jì)拖后腿。 About three-quarters of English job growth last year was inLondonand its hinterlands, but highprices make it hard for people to move there from less favoured spots. 去年，四分之三的就業(yè)率增長(zhǎng)是來(lái)源于倫敦與一些內(nèi)地貿(mào)易區(qū)，但高昂的房?jī)r(jià)如今使人們對(duì)這些地方望而卻步。 It also damages lives. 人們的生活也因此深受其害。 New British homes are smaller than those anywhere else in Europe, household size is risinginLondonand slums are spreading as immigrants squash into shared houses. 新的英國(guó)住房變得比歐洲其他地方更小，但隨著移民不斷擠進(jìn)合住房屋，倫敦的家庭規(guī)模日益龐大，貧民區(qū)也不斷擴(kuò)張。 Inequality is growing, because the higher property prices are, the greater the advantagethat accrues to those whose parents own their homes. 不平等性日益明顯，因?yàn)榉績(jī)r(jià)越高，對(duì)于父母擁有房子的家庭占據(jù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)越大。 This is all the result of deliberate policymaking. 這都是政府經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮后才制定的政策。 Since the 1940s house-building inBritainhas been regulated by a system designed toprevent urban sprawl, something it has achieved spectacularly well. 自從20世紀(jì)40年代，英國(guó)就有專門的體系來(lái)控制建房以免城市擴(kuò)張，部分成果顯著。 It is almost impossible to construct any new building anywhere without permission fromthe local council. 要大興土木必須要經(jīng)過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)刈h會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。 In the places where people most want to livesuburbs at the edge of big citiescouncilstend not to give it. 但對(duì)于人人皆眼紅的寶地緊鄰大城市的郊區(qū)議會(huì)一般是不會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。 Ministers have tried to override local NIMBYs. 部長(zhǎng)們也努力推翻當(dāng)?shù)氐泥彵苤髁x者。 The previous, Labour, government set regional house-building targets and bullied councils toaccept high allocations. 之前的英國(guó)工黨政府設(shè)立了區(qū)域性的建房目標(biāo)以及強(qiáng)迫議會(huì)接受高額分配。 The current coalition has scrapped that approach in the name of local democracybut it,too, has resorted to strong-arming councils to release more land. 現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)合政府以當(dāng)?shù)孛裰髦辉俨捎昧诉@種方式但是它也有使高度警惕的議會(huì)讓與出更多的土地。 It has also worked with the Bank of England to reduce the cost of credit and has subsidisedhigh loan-to-value mortgages through a scheme called Help to Buy. 目前政府已和英格蘭銀行合作以減少信貸成本，也通過(guò)出臺(tái)購(gòu)買幫手這項(xiàng)體制以支持高額的貸款比率。 This has boosted demand for housing but not supply. 這都促進(jìn)了人們對(duì)住房的購(gòu)買需求，但沒有提高住房的供給。 Compare global housing data over time with our interactive house-price tool 采用交互式的房?jī)r(jià)工具，比較全球樓市數(shù)據(jù)不同時(shí)段的變化 A much better way of encouraging house-building would be to give local councils biggerincentives to allow it. 鼓勵(lì)建房更好的方式就是刺激當(dāng)?shù)刈h會(huì)批準(zhǔn)它。 NIMBYism is not always irrational. 鄰避主義者并不總是不理性的。 Housing developments spoil views; incomers fill roads, schools and doctors surgeries. 樓市的發(fā)展會(huì)改變他們的觀點(diǎn);不斷有移民者搭乘汽車上班、進(jìn)入學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)、去醫(yī)院看病。 Yet though land prices can soar 200-fold when planning permission is granted, councilscannot extract much of the increased value to spend on services. 然而盡管建筑許可證的頒發(fā)使房?jī)r(jià)翻了200番，議會(huì)卻無(wú)法將增值的大部分用之于服務(wù)。 A new scheme, the Community Infrastructure Levy, nods in the right direction. 社區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施征稅這一新的體系算是走對(duì)了方向。 But it is hedged with restrictions and is expected to raise just 650m a year nationally. That isnot nearly enough to change minds. 但是它的限制條件依舊模糊不清，可能稅收每年全國(guó)范圍僅會(huì)增長(zhǎng)6.5億英鎊。這還不足以改變?nèi)藗兊挠^念。 Local governments, which are short of cash these days, could be allowed to chargedevelopers much more. 當(dāng)?shù)卣缃袢狈Y金，倒是可以向開發(fā)商收取些費(fèi)用。 But the ideal solution would be a tax on the value of land. 但理想的解決方案是對(duì)土地價(jià)值征稅。 This would be low or zero for agricultural land and would jump as soon as permission tobuild is granted. 這對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)土地而言，稅收近乎是零或者十分低，只要批準(zhǔn)建房，那么稅收就會(huì)猛增。 It would prod builders to get to work quickly. 如此可刺激建房者高效率工作。 It would also help to capture the gains in house prices that result from investment intransport or schools. 同時(shí)，也有助于獲取因投資交通或?qū)W校的房?jī)r(jià)收益。 The green belts that stop development around big cities should go, or at least should begreatly weakened. 阻止大城市發(fā)展的綠化帶必須去除或至少應(yīng)極力減少。 They increase journey times without adding to human happiness. 他們只是增加人們旅行時(shí)間而沒有提升人們幸福指數(shù)。 London s, in particular, mostly protects scrubby agricultural fields and pony paddocks. 尤其是倫敦的綠化帶只是保護(hù)矮小的農(nóng)業(yè)土地還有小馬圍場(chǎng)。 Parts would be prettier with housing on. 其中部分區(qū)域，在上面建上房屋會(huì)更宜人。 This blessed plot 天佑方案 The government should also do more to organise and pay for industrial wastelands to beprepared for housing. 政府也應(yīng)大力組織或買下一些工業(yè)廢址以為建房做準(zhǔn)備。 Brownfield sites are typically built on only when land prices rise enough to cover the highcost of development. 只有當(dāng)土地價(jià)格上漲至足以覆蓋發(fā)展的高成本時(shí)，布朗菲爾德地區(qū)才特別作為建筑地址。 Urban development corporations, such as the one established in the 1980s to regenerateeastLondon s docklands, could assemble such plots of land more effectively than privatedevelopers. 城市發(fā)展性企業(yè)可以比私人開發(fā)商更有效地集合這類土地，比如20世紀(jì)80年代成立的一家城市發(fā)展性企業(yè)就使東部倫敦多克蘭港區(qū)改頭換面。 Not all these policies would be popular or easy. 并非所有的政策都容易實(shí)施或大眾化推廣。 Even the modest planning reforms introduced by the coalition are resented. 甚至聯(lián)合政府引進(jìn)的最保守的規(guī)劃改革都令人怨聲載道。 Building on fields in a country that is as crowded asEnglandwill always rile some people,however well-designed the system. 不管該體制有多好，在同英格蘭那般擁擠的鄉(xiāng)村田地上建房，總會(huì)激怒一些民眾。 But the alternative is worse: a nation of renters and rentiers, where only the rich ownhouses 但是可選的辦法更糟：國(guó)家屬于房東與靠出租生活的人，只有這些有錢人才有房子。 詞語(yǔ)解釋 1.flirt with 調(diào)戲，調(diào)情，賣俏 How could I believe it when you flirt witheveryone? 當(dāng)你和每個(gè)人調(diào)情的時(shí)候我怎么能相信你? Most have chosen not to include a photograph,which seems odd. Who wants to flirt with a greysquare? 大多數(shù)參與者都沒有放照片，這顯得很奇怪。有誰(shuí)會(huì)愿意與一個(gè)灰色的方框調(diào)情呢? 2.squash into 擠進(jìn) He managed to squash into the car. 他設(shè)法擠進(jìn)了車子。 We might squash five people into the back seat. 后座我們可以擠進(jìn)5個(gè)人。 3.accrue to 累積的 Little benefit will accrue to london from the new road scheme. 新的道路計(jì)劃對(duì)倫敦幾乎沒有什么好處。 Where the benefits are unlikely to accrue to private investors, who should pay for the earlydemonstration models, which will require billions of dollars? 在利益不可能屬于私人投資者的情況下，初期模型演示的數(shù)十億美元該由誰(shuí)買單? 4.design to 用于設(shè)計(jì) We can use design to make a website unique and more memorable. 我們能用設(shè)計(jì)使一個(gè)網(wǎng)站獨(dú)一無(wú)二且更易記住。 Note: marriott has recently changed their design to be more like westin. 注：marriott近期將他們的設(shè)計(jì)改得更類似于westin的方式。
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 Britain s planning laws 英國(guó)規(guī)劃法 An Englishman s home 英國(guó)人之家 The shortage of housing is a gathering nationalcrisis. Rev up the bulldozers 英國(guó)住房匱乏，危機(jī)重重，應(yīng)大興土木! NOW that the economy is at last growing again, the burning issue inBritainis the cost ofliving. 既然英國(guó)最終恢復(fù)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，如今國(guó)民生活成本問(wèn)題便成了燃眉之急。 Prices have outstripped wages for the past six years. 過(guò)去六年來(lái)，物價(jià)一直超過(guò)工資水平。 Politicians have duly harried energy companies to cut their bills, and flirted with raising theminimum wage. 政治家們已適時(shí)地督促能源公司削減賬單，輔以增加最低工資水平的措施。 But the thing that is really out of control is the cost of housing. 但是真正失控的是房?jī)r(jià)。 In the past year wages have risen by1%; property prices are up by 8.4%. This is merely the latest in a long surge. 去年，工資已增長(zhǎng)了1%;房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格卻增長(zhǎng)了8.4%。 If since 1971 the price of groceries had risen as steeply as the cost of housing, a chickenwould cost 51. 這僅僅是長(zhǎng)期價(jià)格飆升中最近的一次。倘若自1971年，百貨商品的價(jià)格以房?jī)r(jià)一樣的增長(zhǎng)比例大幅上漲，一只雞將會(huì)賣到51英鎊。 By subsidising mortgages, and thus boosting demand, the government is exacerbating theproblem. 政府支助房屋貸款，進(jìn)而促進(jìn)需求，如此是不斷使問(wèn)題惡化。 But that is not the main reason for rising prices. 但是這并不是房?jī)r(jià)上漲的主要原因。 Driven by a baby-boom, immigration and longer lives,Britain s population is growing byaround 0.8% per year, faster than in most rich countries. 受嬰兒潮、移民、壽命延長(zhǎng)的影響，英國(guó)人口每年以大約0.8%的比率增加，要比大多數(shù)富裕國(guó)家更快。 Foreign wealth, meantime, is pouring intoLondon. 同時(shí)，外來(lái)人口正不斷涌入倫敦。 If supply were rising fast too, increasing demand would not matter; but it is not. 如果供給也增長(zhǎng)迅速，那么日益增長(zhǎng)的需求問(wèn)題也就不值一提了;然而事與愿違。 Though some 221,000 additional households are formed in England annually, just 108,000homes were built in the year to September 2023. 盡管每年英國(guó)都會(huì)新建多達(dá)22.1萬(wàn)的額外住房，2023年年初到9月僅有10.8萬(wàn)建好。 The lack of housing is an economic drag. 住房的匱乏一直給經(jīng)濟(jì)拖后腿。 About three-quarters of English job growth last year was inLondonand its hinterlands, but highprices make it hard for people to move there from less favoured spots. 去年，四分之三的就業(yè)率增長(zhǎng)是來(lái)源于倫敦與一些內(nèi)地貿(mào)易區(qū)，但高昂的房?jī)r(jià)如今使人們對(duì)這些地方望而卻步。 It also damages lives. 人們的生活也因此深受其害。 New British homes are smaller than those anywhere else in Europe, household size is risinginLondonand slums are spreading as immigrants squash into shared houses. 新的英國(guó)住房變得比歐洲其他地方更小，但隨著移民不斷擠進(jìn)合住房屋，倫敦的家庭規(guī)模日益龐大，貧民區(qū)也不斷擴(kuò)張。 Inequality is growing, because the higher property prices are, the greater the advantagethat accrues to those whose parents own their homes. 不平等性日益明顯，因?yàn)榉績(jī)r(jià)越高，對(duì)于父母擁有房子的家庭占據(jù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)越大。 This is all the result of deliberate policymaking. 這都是政府經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮后才制定的政策。 Since the 1940s house-building inBritainhas been regulated by a system designed toprevent urban sprawl, something it has achieved spectacularly well. 自從20世紀(jì)40年代，英國(guó)就有專門的體系來(lái)控制建房以免城市擴(kuò)張，部分成果顯著。 It is almost impossible to construct any new building anywhere without permission fromthe local council. 要大興土木必須要經(jīng)過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)刈h會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。 In the places where people most want to livesuburbs at the edge of big citiescouncilstend not to give it. 但對(duì)于人人皆眼紅的寶地緊鄰大城市的郊區(qū)議會(huì)一般是不會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。 Ministers have tried to override local NIMBYs. 部長(zhǎng)們也努力推翻當(dāng)?shù)氐泥彵苤髁x者。 The previous, Labour, government set regional house-building targets and bullied councils toaccept high allocations. 之前的英國(guó)工黨政府設(shè)立了區(qū)域性的建房目標(biāo)以及強(qiáng)迫議會(huì)接受高額分配。 The current coalition has scrapped that approach in the name of local democracybut it,too, has resorted to strong-arming councils to release more land. 現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)合政府以當(dāng)?shù)孛裰髦辉俨捎昧诉@種方式但是它也有使高度警惕的議會(huì)讓與出更多的土地。 It has also worked with the Bank of England to reduce the cost of credit and has subsidisedhigh loan-to-value mortgages through a scheme called Help to Buy. 目前政府已和英格蘭銀行合作以減少信貸成本，也通過(guò)出臺(tái)購(gòu)買幫手這項(xiàng)體制以支持高額的貸款比率。 This has boosted demand for housing but not supply. 這都促進(jìn)了人們對(duì)住房的購(gòu)買需求，但沒有提高住房的供給。 Compare global housing data over time with our interactive house-price tool 采用交互式的房?jī)r(jià)工具，比較全球樓市數(shù)據(jù)不同時(shí)段的變化 A much better way of encouraging house-building would be to give local councils biggerincentives to allow it. 鼓勵(lì)建房更好的方式就是刺激當(dāng)?shù)刈h會(huì)批準(zhǔn)它。 NIMBYism is not always irrational. 鄰避主義者并不總是不理性的。 Housing developments spoil views; incomers fill roads, schools and doctors surgeries. 樓市的發(fā)展會(huì)改變他們的觀點(diǎn);不斷有移民者搭乘汽車上班、進(jìn)入學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)、去醫(yī)院看病。 Yet though land prices can soar 200-fold when planning permission is granted, councilscannot extract much of the increased value to spend on services. 然而盡管建筑許可證的頒發(fā)使房?jī)r(jià)翻了200番，議會(huì)卻無(wú)法將增值的大部分用之于服務(wù)。 A new scheme, the Community Infrastructure Levy, nods in the right direction. 社區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施征稅這一新的體系算是走對(duì)了方向。 But it is hedged with restrictions and is expected to raise just 650m a year nationally. That isnot nearly enough to change minds. 但是它的限制條件依舊模糊不清，可能稅收每年全國(guó)范圍僅會(huì)增長(zhǎng)6.5億英鎊。這還不足以改變?nèi)藗兊挠^念。 Local governments, which are short of cash these days, could be allowed to chargedevelopers much more. 當(dāng)?shù)卣缃袢狈Y金，倒是可以向開發(fā)商收取些費(fèi)用。 But the ideal solution would be a tax on the value of land. 但理想的解決方案是對(duì)土地價(jià)值征稅。 This would be low or zero for agricultural land and would jump as soon as permission tobuild is granted. 這對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)土地而言，稅收近乎是零或者十分低，只要批準(zhǔn)建房，那么稅收就會(huì)猛增。 It would prod builders to get to work quickly. 如此可刺激建房者高效率工作。 It would also help to capture the gains in house prices that result from investment intransport or schools. 同時(shí)，也有助于獲取因投資交通或?qū)W校的房?jī)r(jià)收益。 The green belts that stop development around big cities should go, or at least should begreatly weakened. 阻止大城市發(fā)展的綠化帶必須去除或至少應(yīng)極力減少。 They increase journey times without adding to human happiness. 他們只是增加人們旅行時(shí)間而沒有提升人們幸福指數(shù)。 London s, in particular, mostly protects scrubby agricultural fields and pony paddocks. 尤其是倫敦的綠化帶只是保護(hù)矮小的農(nóng)業(yè)土地還有小馬圍場(chǎng)。 Parts would be prettier with housing on. 其中部分區(qū)域，在上面建上房屋會(huì)更宜人。 This blessed plot 天佑方案 The government should also do more to organise and pay for industrial wastelands to beprepared for housing. 政府也應(yīng)大力組織或買下一些工業(yè)廢址以為建房做準(zhǔn)備。 Brownfield sites are typically built on only when land prices rise enough to cover the highcost of development. 只有當(dāng)土地價(jià)格上漲至足以覆蓋發(fā)展的高成本時(shí)，布朗菲爾德地區(qū)才特別作為建筑地址。 Urban development corporations, such as the one established in the 1980s to regenerateeastLondon s docklands, could assemble such plots of land more effectively than privatedevelopers. 城市發(fā)展性企業(yè)可以比私人開發(fā)商更有效地集合這類土地，比如20世紀(jì)80年代成立的一家城市發(fā)展性企業(yè)就使東部倫敦多克蘭港區(qū)改頭換面。 Not all these policies would be popular or easy. 并非所有的政策都容易實(shí)施或大眾化推廣。 Even the modest planning reforms introduced by the coalition are resented. 甚至聯(lián)合政府引進(jìn)的最保守的規(guī)劃改革都令人怨聲載道。 Building on fields in a country that is as crowded asEnglandwill always rile some people,however well-designed the system. 不管該體制有多好，在同英格蘭那般擁擠的鄉(xiāng)村田地上建房，總會(huì)激怒一些民眾。 But the alternative is worse: a nation of renters and rentiers, where only the rich ownhouses 但是可選的辦法更糟：國(guó)家屬于房東與靠出租生活的人，只有這些有錢人才有房子。 詞語(yǔ)解釋 1.flirt with 調(diào)戲，調(diào)情，賣俏 How could I believe it when you flirt witheveryone? 當(dāng)你和每個(gè)人調(diào)情的時(shí)候我怎么能相信你? Most have chosen not to include a photograph,which seems odd. Who wants to flirt with a greysquare? 大多數(shù)參與者都沒有放照片，這顯得很奇怪。有誰(shuí)會(huì)愿意與一個(gè)灰色的方框調(diào)情呢? 2.squash into 擠進(jìn) He managed to squash into the car. 他設(shè)法擠進(jìn)了車子。 We might squash five people into the back seat. 后座我們可以擠進(jìn)5個(gè)人。 3.accrue to 累積的 Little benefit will accrue to london from the new road scheme. 新的道路計(jì)劃對(duì)倫敦幾乎沒有什么好處。 Where the benefits are unlikely to accrue to private investors, who should pay for the earlydemonstration models, which will require billions of dollars? 在利益不可能屬于私人投資者的情況下，初期模型演示的數(shù)十億美元該由誰(shuí)買單? 4.design to 用于設(shè)計(jì) We can use design to make a website unique and more memorable. 我們能用設(shè)計(jì)使一個(gè)網(wǎng)站獨(dú)一無(wú)二且更易記住。 Note: marriott has recently changed their design to be more like westin. 注：marriott近期將他們的設(shè)計(jì)改得更類似于westin的方式。
