王長(zhǎng)喜四級(jí)大課堂（第六講）

　　同學(xué)們，大家好!

　　這一講我們一起來分析一下非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目的測(cè)試特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略。

　　一、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　近幾年的語(yǔ)法測(cè)試中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞約占31.1%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目考查的重點(diǎn)，那么非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查都有哪些特點(diǎn)，解答時(shí)又應(yīng)注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起來分析一下：

　　1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考查特點(diǎn)

　　1) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的判斷

　　對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

　　All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

　　A. had been canceled B. have been canceled

　　C. were canceled D. having been canceled

　　四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，只有D是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，只要同學(xué)們能判斷出這里是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)，則不用考慮時(shí)態(tài)的問題，答案自明。

　　2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后不定式與動(dòng)名詞的選擇

　　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后接不定式還是接動(dòng)名詞也是四級(jí)語(yǔ)法測(cè)試中的一個(gè)題眼。如：

　　① I dont mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　A. you to delay making B. your delaying making

　　C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make

　　② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have

　　got in.

　　A. to close B. closing

　　C. to have closed D. having closed

　　③ Your hair wants ______ . Youd better have it done tomorrow.

　　A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut

　　這類題涉及三個(gè)方面：

　　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)該接不定式還是動(dòng)名詞?

　　即可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別?

　　不定式與動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式還是用被動(dòng)形式?

　　3) 做定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　從近幾年的考查情況來看，對(duì)做定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查有兩種情況：

　　對(duì)一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)。如：

　　① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys

　　telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.

　　A. accomplished B. being accomplished

　　C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished

　　② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor

　　and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.

　　A. to correct B. correcting

　　C. having been corrected D. being corrected

　　同學(xué)們只要掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。

　　對(duì)固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：

　　① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his

　　arguments in favor of the new theory.

　　A. to be based on B. to base on

　　C. which to base on D. on which to base

　　② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it

　　also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

　　A. to compete B. competing

　　C. to be competed D. having competed

　　①題為不定式做定語(yǔ)的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞，如動(dòng)詞變來的名詞，形容詞變來的名詞，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語(yǔ)，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。

　　4) 做狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　做狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：

　　① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.

　　A. Having believed 　　B. Believing 　　C. Believed 　　D. Being Believed

　　② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.

　　A. To become 　　B. Become 　　C. One becomes 　　D. On becoming

　　③ Realizing that he hadnt enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.

　　A. not wanted 　　B. no to want 　　C. not wanting　　 D. wanting not

　　④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.

　　A. Believe 　　B. To believe 　　C. Believing 　　D. Believed

　　從以上各題來看，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有：

　　狀語(yǔ)類別的判斷

　　不同的狀語(yǔ)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求不同，目的狀語(yǔ)要求用不定式，如②。

　　非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系

　　根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。

　　非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式

　　not否定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)置于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，如③。

　　 獨(dú)立成分

　　有些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用不受與句子主語(yǔ)關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨(dú)立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如:

　　generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。

　　5) 做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞受謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的限制，不同動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)形式要求不同。近幾年對(duì)各類賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：

　　① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

　　A. install 　　B. to install 　　C. to be installed 　　D. installed

　　② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory

　　dispute ______.

　　A. being settled 　　B. to be settled 　　C. had settled 　　D. as settled

　　③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.

　　A. to be advertised 　　B. advertised 　　C. advertise 　　D. advertising

　　④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.

　　A. wondered 　　B. wonder 　　C. to wonder 　　D. wondering

　　⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

　　A. cheating 　　B. cheat 　　C. to cheat 　　D. to be cheating

　　⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the

　　audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.

　　A. having seated 　　B. seating 　　C. seated　　 D. having been seated

　　考查涉及到感官動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如③。

　　have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

　　regard類后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

　　with獨(dú)立分句后面的

　　常用動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

　　6) 做表語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇

　　表語(yǔ)的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語(yǔ)形式的選擇，很少有動(dòng)名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項(xiàng)中有不定式作為干擾項(xiàng)，只要能看出是做表語(yǔ)的也就不用考慮。如：

　　① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the

　　mountain.

　　A. isolated 　　B. isolating 　　C. being isolated 　　D. having been isolated

　　② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.

　　A. unrecorded 　　B. to be unrecorded 　　C. unrecording 　　D. to have been unrecorded

　　分詞做表語(yǔ)可以做系動(dòng)詞be的表語(yǔ)，也可以做其它系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動(dòng)詞后非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。

　　7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號(hào)的選擇

　　to可以是介詞，也可以用來引導(dǎo)不定式，四級(jí)考試中對(duì)種類用法的考查也比較多。如：

　　① I have no objection _______ your story again.

　　A. to hear 　　B. to hearing 　　C. to having heard 　　D. to have heard

　　② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

　　A. to dealing 　　B. in dealing 　　C. dealing 　　D. to deal

　　③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager

　　of the company.

　　A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told

　這類考題的考查方式有兩種，一是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)相對(duì)的選項(xiàng)to do something 和 to doing something，這時(shí)考查的自然是to的性質(zhì);另一種是to在題干中，如③。

　　8) 分詞前連詞的使用

　　分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了，使考生更加準(zhǔn)確地理解試題。考查有兩種情況

　　根據(jù)連詞選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式

　　Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.

　　A. scolding 　　B. to scold 　　C. having scolded 　　D. scolded

　　when的使用說明非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，答案不可能是B，從scold與句子主語(yǔ)間的邏輯關(guān)系來看，應(yīng)該是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是D。

　　根據(jù)狀語(yǔ)的功能選擇不同的連詞

　　Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of

　　patient do not take drugs ___ directed.

　　A. like 　　B. so 　　C. which 　　D. as

　　由上下文的意思可以看出，分詞所做的是方式狀語(yǔ)，連詞應(yīng)該是as。

　　9) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的體

　　非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中分詞的體有完成體和進(jìn)行體，即having done, having been done和being done，完成體只用于做狀語(yǔ)的場(chǎng)合，而進(jìn)行體可以用于做定語(yǔ)和做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

　　動(dòng)名詞的體也有having done, having been done和 being done的結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的場(chǎng)合。

　　不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

　　① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.

　　A. have told 　　B. be told 　　C. being told 　　D. having told

　　having told在句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。

　　② Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.

　　A. to get worse 　　B. to be getting worse 　　C. to have got worse 　　D. getting worse

　　從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個(gè)漸變過程，所以用不定式的進(jìn)行體。

　　③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.

　　A. being delivered 　　B. was delivered 　　C. be delivered 　　D. having been delivered

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，所以應(yīng)該用完成體，答案為D。

　　10)動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

　　動(dòng)名詞符合結(jié)構(gòu)可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，在對(duì)動(dòng)名詞的考查中總是將其邏輯主語(yǔ)包括進(jìn)來，形成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　① _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents

　　wished for.

　　A. The girl was educated 　　B. The girl educated

　　C. The girls being educated　　 D. The girl to be educated

　　本題涉及題眼比較多，A，為從句做主語(yǔ)，但缺少that，D為不定式做主語(yǔ)，但缺少for，B結(jié)構(gòu)不能做主語(yǔ)，答案是C，為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.

　　A. there being a chance 　　B. there to be a chance

　　C. there be a chance 　　D. being a chance

　　介詞后用動(dòng)名詞，表示存在時(shí)必須用there be句型，所以答案為A，這也是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，there為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。

　　③ I dont mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　A. you to delay making 　　B. your delaying making

　　C. you delaying to make 　　D. you delay to make

　　Mind要求接動(dòng)名詞,動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)用形容詞性物主代詞，答案自然是B。

　　④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.

　　A. your keeping 　　B. you to keep 　　C. that you keep 　　D. that you will keep

　　2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞解題策略

　　1)正確判斷非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　這類題一般出現(xiàn)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果在選項(xiàng)與句子之間沒有連詞，則說明，所選為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，既名詞或主格代詞 + 分詞。

　　All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

　　A. considered 　　B. be considered 　　C. considering 　　D. having considered

　　句子沒有連詞，說明所選結(jié)構(gòu)不屬于從句，那么就是獨(dú)立主格做狀語(yǔ)，根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是A。

　　____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

　　A. Other things being equal 　　B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal

　　做狀語(yǔ)的可以是從句，但B的結(jié)構(gòu)是虛擬條件，與這里不符，不表目的，C不對(duì)，不表將來，獨(dú)立主格中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能是不定式，答案為A。

　　4) 判斷動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式

　　主語(yǔ)位置上，或動(dòng)詞、介詞后的名詞代詞 + 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如果表示的是一個(gè)事件則是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是名詞 + 定語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看以下各例：

　　He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.

　　A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D　　. be left

　　insist on后不接從句，D可以排除。這里表達(dá)的是堅(jiān)持要求開著窗子睡覺，所以應(yīng)該是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為B。

　　The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.

　　A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked

　　做主語(yǔ)的表示上班遲到的原因，自然應(yīng)該是交通堵塞，而不是被堵的道路，所以還是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。

　　The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.

　　A. had been admitted 　　B. admitted 　　C. having been admitted 　　D. having admitted

　　消息表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是個(gè)事件，說明不是被錄取的孩子，介詞of后不可能接從句，說明of后為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是C。

　　3) 注意分析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系

　　正確判斷非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與起邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系是正確選擇非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的保證，不管是做什么成分的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都體現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn)：

　　如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞;

　　如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞;