山東省郯城第三中學(xué)高中英語語法大全：第12章 名詞（含鞏固練習(xí)）
一.概念
名詞是表示人,事物,地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞,有專有名詞和普通名詞之分,還有可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞之分.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞
一般情況 加 -s 清輔音后讀/s/ map-maps
濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾
-es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾
-s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 y 為i再加es
/z/ baby---babies
?2.其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
1） y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys
holiday---holidays
2） 以o
a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes
tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3） 以f或fe
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs
roof---roofs
safe---safes
gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves
wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives
thief---thieves；
c. a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1） child---children
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men
woman---women
man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2） deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
people police cattle
a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4） s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。
b. news
c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。
d.
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。
5） glasses （眼鏡） trousers, clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚。
4. 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
1）物質(zhì)名詞
a.
比較：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）
These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）
b.
This factory produces steel. （不可數(shù)）
We need various steels. （可數(shù)）
c.
Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來兩杯茶。
2）
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
5.
名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。
用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)
students reading-room
talks table 談判桌
the foreign languages department 外語系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials
3） s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如：
goods train （貨車）
arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件
clothes brush
衣刷
4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹
a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
國籍 總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)） 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
中國人 the Chinese a Chinese
two Chinese
the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人 the Australians
an Australian two Australians
the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美國人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德國人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
7. 名詞的格
"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1） "'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room
2） -s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3） "'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song
4） the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5） 's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（兩間）John and Mary's room（一間）
6） 's 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence
1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a．?? little wage
b. few wage
c. wage
d. wages
2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. ????? an ash
b. the ash
c. ash
d. ashes
3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. ????? many preparations
b. much preparation
c. preparations
d. preparation
4.Paiting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. ????? oil
b. an oil
c. oils
d. the oil
5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
a. ????? much
b. lots of
c. a great deal of
d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a.
of great expense
b. at a great expense
c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a.much new furniture
c. much new furnitures
b.many new furniture
d. many new furnitures
8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number
b. room number
c. room’s numbers
d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many
c. much…a great deal
b.great deal of…much
d. many…a great many
10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.
a. how many information
c. how many informations
b. the number of information
d. how much information
11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms
c. comrades-in-arm
b. comrades-in-arms
d. comrade-in-arm
12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors
c. woman doctors
b. women doctor
d. woman doctor
13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups
c. growns-up
b. grown-up
d. grown-ups
14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a.? stander-by
c. standers-by
b.? stander-bys
d. standers-bys
15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a.prisoner-of-wars
c. prisoners-of-war
b.prisoners-of-wars
d. prisoner-of-war
16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel
b. news reel
c. new-reels
d. news reels
17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister
b. elder sister’s
c. elder sisters
d. elder sisters dress
18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers
c. mathematics teacher
b.mathematics teachers
d. mathematic’s teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. some property
c. properties
b. some properties
d. property
20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. deal
b. deals
c. dealing
d. are
一.概念
名詞是表示人,事物,地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞,有專有名詞和普通名詞之分,還有可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞之分.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞
一般情況 加 -s 清輔音后讀/s/ map-maps
濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾
-es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾
-s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 y 為i再加es
/z/ baby---babies
?2.其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
1） y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys
holiday---holidays
2） 以o
a. 加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes
tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3） 以f或fe
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs
roof---roofs
safe---safes
gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves
wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives
thief---thieves；
c. a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1） child---children
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men
woman---women
man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2） deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
people police cattle
a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4） s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。
b. news
c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。
d.
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。
5） glasses （眼鏡） trousers, clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚。
4. 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
1）物質(zhì)名詞
a.
比較：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）
These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）
b.
This factory produces steel. （不可數(shù)）
We need various steels. （可數(shù)）
c.
Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來兩杯茶。
2）
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
5.
名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。
用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)
students reading-room
talks table 談判桌
the foreign languages department 外語系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials
3） s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如：
goods train （貨車）
arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件
clothes brush
衣刷
4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹
a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
國籍 總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)） 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
中國人 the Chinese a Chinese
two Chinese
the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人 the Australians
an Australian two Australians
the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美國人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德國人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
7. 名詞的格
"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1） "'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room
2） -s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3） "'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song
4） the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5） 's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（兩間）John and Mary's room（一間）
6） 's 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence
1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a．?? little wage
b. few wage
c. wage
d. wages
2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. ????? an ash
b. the ash
c. ash
d. ashes
3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. ????? many preparations
b. much preparation
c. preparations
d. preparation
4.Paiting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. ????? oil
b. an oil
c. oils
d. the oil
5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
a. ????? much
b. lots of
c. a great deal of
d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a.
of great expense
b. at a great expense
c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a.much new furniture
c. much new furnitures
b.many new furniture
d. many new furnitures
8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number
b. room number
c. room’s numbers
d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many
c. much…a great deal
b.great deal of…much
d. many…a great many
10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.
a. how many information
c. how many informations
b. the number of information
d. how much information
11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms
c. comrades-in-arm
b. comrades-in-arms
d. comrade-in-arm
12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors
c. woman doctors
b. women doctor
d. woman doctor
13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups
c. growns-up
b. grown-up
d. grown-ups
14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a.? stander-by
c. standers-by
b.? stander-bys
d. standers-bys
15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a.prisoner-of-wars
c. prisoners-of-war
b.prisoners-of-wars
d. prisoner-of-war
16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel
b. news reel
c. new-reels
d. news reels
17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister
b. elder sister’s
c. elder sisters
d. elder sisters dress
18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers
c. mathematics teacher
b.mathematics teachers
d. mathematic’s teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. some property
c. properties
b. some properties
d. property
20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. deal
b. deals
c. dealing
d. are
