2024高考英語(yǔ)備考復(fù)習(xí)：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

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　　時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行

　　現(xiàn)在 write, writes am/is/are writing have/has written have/has been writing

　　過(guò)去 wrote was/were writing had written had been writing

　　將來(lái) shall/will write shall/will be writing shall/will have written shall/will have been writing

　　過(guò)去將來(lái) should/would write should/would be writing should/would have written should/would have been writing

　　（1）

　　①表示客觀(guān)事實(shí)或普通真理（）Water ______

　　(boil) at 100oC.

　　②表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等連用。

　　Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and we met no storm.

　　A. was called

　　B. is called

　　C. had been called

　　D. has been called

　　③表示知覺(jué)、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see, hear, smelltaste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。All the students here ____(belong) to No.1 Middle School.

　　④現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)A. 用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)往往出現(xiàn)在下列狀語(yǔ)從句中：if, unless, even if等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；when, before, after, once, until, till, as soon as(the moment, immediately)等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；no matter what/who/which/when/where/how或whatever/whoever/whichever/whenever/ wherever /however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。（有時(shí)也但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。If you _______( accept) my invitation and come to our party, my family _____________( please).

　　When you _________( finish) the report, I will ______( wait) for about 3???hours.

　　B. 少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop,run等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，The next train____________( leave) at 3 o'clock this afternoon.

　　表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，固定不變或不易變的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　Tomorrow_________(be) Wednesday.

　　C. 倒裝句，，有時(shí)表將來(lái)， There ______(go) the bell. = The bell _______( ring).

　　D. hope, take care that, make sure that等后。

　　Make sure that the windows _____________(close) before you___________( leave) the room tomorrow.

　　（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)

　　① 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法：表示過(guò)去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常與表示過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（或有上下文語(yǔ)境暗示）；用于表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的?就是過(guò)去時(shí)；表示說(shuō)話(huà)人原來(lái)沒(méi)有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過(guò)去式。

　　I _________(think) the film _________( be) interesting, but it ___________________(be not).

　　② 有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。

　　I __________(want) to ask you if I could borrow your car?

　　③ 表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語(yǔ)連接，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute The moment she___(come) in, she ___(tell) me what ___ (happen) to her.

　　④ 非真實(shí)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，屬虛擬的語(yǔ)氣范疇

　　It’s time we______(go).

　　⑤ ： Why didn’t you / I think of that?

　　I didn’t notice it.

　　I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.

　　I didn’t recognize him.

　　注意事項(xiàng)：A) 注意時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的搭配。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用，因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　B) used to do的否定形式和疑問(wèn)形式很特別：你怎么寫(xiě)都正確。以否定形式為例：used not to do, usedn’t

　　to do, didn't use to do都對(duì)。

　　used to do…和would +動(dòng)詞原形表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。used to do一般只表示過(guò)去情況，現(xiàn)在不這樣；而would do則現(xiàn)在情況不明，常和when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，would一般不能be動(dòng)詞連用。

　　used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前者表示"過(guò)去常常或過(guò)去曾經(jīng)"，要求加動(dòng)詞原形；后者表示"習(xí)慣于"，要求加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

　　C) 當(dāng)主句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。

　　He said he ________(go) for a holiday when he finished his work.

　　一

　　般

　　將

　　來(lái)

　　時(shí) 將

　　來(lái) 某個(gè)時(shí)刻（或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)）將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，更多地用于帶有條件從句的主句中 He ____( come) next week.

　　I’ll ask her as soon as she _______(come).

　　狀態(tài) Your dress ______(be) ready soon.

　　現(xiàn)

　　在預(yù)測(cè)現(xiàn)在某事可能要發(fā)生了 It’s eleven o’clock.

　　Mary will be in bed by now.

　　現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣 A lion will never attack an elephant.

　　現(xiàn)在的需要 Shall I help you ?

　　對(duì)將來(lái)的事情現(xiàn)在作出決定 —Which shirt do you want ?—I___( take) the blue one, please.

　　①will / shall + 動(dòng)詞（tomorrow、next week等）

　　②表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。We_________(die) without air or water.

　　③有些動(dòng)詞，：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay，，，

　　　My mother ________(come) to visit me next week and ___________(stay) here until May.

　　（，5月。）

　　④be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：

　　A B C D

　　be going to 表示“計(jì)劃、打算、安排將要做的事”時(shí)，主語(yǔ)只能是人說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)之前已考慮過(guò)的, 主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人根據(jù)某種跡象主觀(guān)推測(cè)可能發(fā)生的事不能用于含有條件句的主句中

　　will/shall 表示將要發(fā)生某事或主語(yǔ)的“意愿” 說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)刻才考慮到的, 表示客觀(guān)規(guī)律必然發(fā)生的可用于含有條件句的主句或從句中表示“意愿”

　　be to 表示安排、計(jì)劃要做的事與第二人稱(chēng)連用，表示轉(zhuǎn)述第三者的話(huà) 表示命令，相當(dāng)于should / must 表示“能”、“該”、“想要”、“注定、不可避免”

　　be about to do sth

　　；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具體時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)；常有“be about to…..when”結(jié)構(gòu)；

　　If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.()

　　‘The phone is ringing,’ ‘I _________(answer) it ’ .

　　Next year you _______( be) 17 years old.

　　If you _________(listen) to me, I_________( tell) you a story.

　　Autumn harvest_______________________(start).

　　"be to do"的5種用法： a) “按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。

　　She ______________( see) in the lab on Monday.（You_________(go) to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests ______________( arrive) in less than 5 minutes.

　　c) 能或不能發(fā)生的事情（can, may）征求意見(jiàn)。　Who _________( go) there?　誰(shuí)該去那兒呢？

　　I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended

　　B. will be attended to

　　C. is attended

　　D. is attended to

　　e) 用于條件從句“如果……想，”（if ……want to,或if ……should） Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____ avoided. A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been

　　④ “正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。

　　I was on the point of _______ (telephone) him when his letter ___________(arrive).

　　注意事項(xiàng)☆.現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)

　　I hope his health ______________( improve) by the time you_________( come) back next year.

　　（4）

　　1. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。

　　We _____________( wait) for you now.

　　2. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。

　　Mr. Green ________( write) another novel.　(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。)

　　3. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin

　　The leaves _________(turn) red.

　　4. 與always、often,always, often, forever, constantly

　　等頻度副詞連用，，

　　You _____ always ____________(change) your mind.

　　5.表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；表示來(lái)、去、開(kāi)始、終結(jié)、離開(kāi)、到達(dá)等意義的瞬間動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。At six I ______(bathe) the baby.

　　②下面四類(lèi)動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue, appear, depend on

　　2) 表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)詞。如：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, like, hate, mind,

　　wish.

　　3) ：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.

　　4) ：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn

　　5）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　A) 表示在過(guò)去一個(gè)比較具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Mary ______( listen) to light music 10 minutes ago.

　　B) 表示過(guò)去某階段在進(jìn)行的暫時(shí)性習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。He is a doctor, but at that time he _____(work) in a laboratory.

　　C) 表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，但只限于一些表示起始和移動(dòng)意義的動(dòng)詞。

　　I had thought that he __________(come) to see me the next day, but he didn’t

　　D) 表示過(guò)去打算實(shí)現(xiàn)，但沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。I _______( come), but my car broke down.

　　E) 表示剛才的情況。--Can you give me the right answer?

　　--Sorry, I___________(not listen). Would you please repeat that question?

　　F) 描寫(xiě)故事的背景。One day, we ________(walk) along a road, which ______(go) around the foot of the hill. Suddenly, we _______(see) a little girl __________(run) quickly towards us.

　　(6) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)

　　強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來(lái)的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。

　　Don't worry, you ___(not miss) her. She _____( wear) a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.

　　（7）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　A) 表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。I bought a new house, but I ____ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.

　　A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell

　　B) 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況，并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用since加一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，或for加一段時(shí)間，或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。

　　Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ____ today and??are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.

　　A) are to challenge B) have been challenged

　　C) may be challenged 　D) are challenging

　　C) 表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或情況。通常用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose, fall, come, leave, start, buy, sell, hear, join等。表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去完成，構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)的經(jīng)歷。

　　I ___________(have)

　　the gift for ten years.

　　*瞬間動(dòng)作的肯定式一般不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)一起用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定式可以與表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一起用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。He has come here for two days. (改錯(cuò))

　　D) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作。（表示這一動(dòng)作先于另一動(dòng)作）

　　I will lend the book to you when I _________( finish) reading it.

　　E) 表示一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)性習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。I __________(get)up early all my life.

　　包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)或截止到“現(xiàn)在”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)才能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。He __________( work) in that hospital for 8 years. Now he ________(teach)

　　B) 因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)，，My sister _______________(marry) for 5 years.

　　C) 在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，Don’t get off the bus until it _____( stop).

　　D) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除可以和for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)連用外，：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years, so far, up to now, recently, lately, already, yet,;

　　有表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般用完成時(shí)態(tài)如：ever, never; 表示到目前為止多少次或第幾次干某事。

　　He _______(be) to Beijing several times.

　　E)It（This/That）is the first(second…) time that...

　　It（This/That）is the first(second…) that...

　　It（This/That）is the only…that…

　　It（This/That）is the best(biggest…) that…

　　主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

　　It is the first time that I_____( see) so much money.

　　It was the second time that I _________(hurt) by his words.

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 -- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.

　　“--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.

　　A. painted

　　B. had painted

　　C. have been painting

　　D. have painted

　　（8）過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說(shuō)的：表示"過(guò)去的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)"。①常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

　　By the end of last year, we ______( produce) 20,000 cars. The train _____(leave) before we reached the station.

　　(B) 表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done

　　（C）“ + before”在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，；“ + ago”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，

　　He said his first teacher ____

　　(die) at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua____

　　(leave) school 3 years ago.

　　（D）“一……就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had +

　　+ 過(guò)去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過(guò)去時(shí).

　　We ____no sooner ______(seat) than the bus ____(start). = No sooner ____ we ____( seat) than the bus____(start).

　　②若句子中含有 before, after, as soon as, until 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，通常可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。After he _________(leave) the room, the boss _______(come) in.

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；如出現(xiàn)同一主語(yǔ)連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。

　　(9)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(will have done)

　　表示從將來(lái)的某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間，但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過(guò)去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，變成了和將來(lái)及將來(lái)的將來(lái)有關(guān)。The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends.