2024屆高考英語一輪復習語法訓練:第八講 名詞和主謂一致(北師大版)

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        2024屆高考英語一輪復習語法訓練:第八講 名詞和主謂一致(北師大版)

          第八講名詞和主謂一致

          (一) 名 詞

          單句語法填空

          1.(2024·全國卷Ⅱ語法填空)... what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

          2.(2024·全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings (painting).

          3.(2024·全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.

          4.(2024·遼寧高考語法填空)Unbelievable!Oh ...,

          if you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath (breathe).

          5.(2024·湖北高考改編)When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his balance (balanced) and had a bad fall.

          一、名詞的單復數

          1.單數名詞變為復數名詞的基本規則

          (1)以-o結尾的名詞變為復數時,常在詞尾加-s,但下列名詞要加-es,它們是:黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿,即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes。

          但下列以-o結尾的名詞既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它們是:zeros/zeroes零,mosquitos/mosquitoes蚊子,volcanos/volcanoes火山。

          (2)以-f或-fe結尾的名詞變為復數時,一般f或fe去掉加-ves,它們是:為了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上,把狼劈成兩半,即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。但下列以-f或-fe結尾的名詞直接加-s,它們是:屋頂上的首領信仰保險箱,即roofs, chiefs, beliefs, safes。

          但下列以-f結尾的名詞既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,它們是:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves手帕,scarfs/scarves圍巾。

          (3)合成名詞變成復數時,通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變為復數,如果沒有主體名詞,則將最后一部分變為復數。如:sons-in-law女婿;passers-by過路人;story-tellers講故事的人;breakfasts早餐;housewives家庭主婦。

          2.常見單復數同形的名詞

          Chinese 中國人;Japanese 日本人;sheep 綿羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;works 工廠;fish 魚;fruit 水果;crossroads 十字路口;horsepower 馬力;jin斤等。其中fish, fruit表示種類時,可加復數詞尾,即fishes, fruits。

          二、抽象名詞具體化

          1.具有某種特性、狀態、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時,可以與不定冠詞連用,常考到的有:

          單詞 抽象名詞意義 具體化名詞意義

          success 成功 成功的人或事

          pleasure 樂趣 令人高興的事

          attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物

          beauty 美;美麗 美麗的人或事物

          comfort 安慰;慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物

          danger 危險 危險的人或因素

          delight 高興 令人高興的事

          failure 失敗 失敗的人或事物

          surprise 驚奇 令人驚奇的事情

          shock 震驚 令人震驚的事情

          pride 驕傲 令人驕傲的事或人

          Everyone agreed the picnic was a great success.

          每個人都認為那次野餐很成功。

          2.抽象名詞與a (an)連用,淡化了抽象概念,轉化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。

          ①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.

          在那些艱難的時期,能夠買得起一杯飲料都會是一件令人感到欣慰的事。

          ②—A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.

          —Yes, news came as a shock to me.

          ——天津發生了一起嚴重的爆炸事件。

          ——是的,這對我來說是一件令人震驚的事情。

          三、名詞所有格

          1.名詞的所有格表示所屬關系,它分-'s 所有格和 of 所有格兩種形式。

          ①Many students' eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.

          很多學生的視力變得越來越差了。

          ②From the top of the hill, you can get a bird's view of the city.

          從山頂上,你可以鳥瞰整個城市。

          2.由and 連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況,即表示各自的所有關系時,要分別在并列名詞后加-'s,表示共同的所有關系時,只在最后一個名詞后加-'s:

          Tom's and Jim's rooms 湯姆和吉姆(各自)的房間

          Tom and Jim's room 湯姆和吉姆(共同)的房間

          3.雙重所有格

          指名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞同of構成的所有格,即“of+名詞所有格”。

          a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亞的一個戲劇

          a friend of my wife's我妻子的一個朋友

          [知識積累]名詞常見后綴集錦

          1.動詞變名詞的后綴

          后綴 例詞

          -ion/-tion/

          -sion/-ation correct→correction 改正

          attract→attraction吸引

          conclude→conclusion

          結論;結束

          decide→decision決定

          admit→admission

          接納;準許入學

          invite→invitation

          邀請

          explain→explanation

          解釋

          expect→expectation

          期望

          -er/-or teach→teacher 老師

          announce→announcer

          播音員

          conduct→conductor

          指揮;售票員

          -ment punish→punishment 懲罰

          achieve→achievement

          功績;成就

          argue→argument

          辯論;論據

          equip→equipment

          裝備;設備

          -ance/-ence appear→appearance 出現;外貌

          perform→performance

          表演;節目

          exist→existence

          存在;生存

          prefer→preference

          偏愛

          -ing hear→hearing  聽力;聽覺

          begin→beginning

          開始

          -ure/-ture fail→failure 失敗;沒做到

          press→pressure

          壓力

          mix→mixture

          混合;混合物

          depart→departure

          離開;出發

          -y recover→recovery恢復;痊愈

          discover→discovery

          發現

          其他 choose→choice  選擇

          vary→variety

          多樣化;種類

          tend→tendency

          趨向;趨勢

          2.形容詞變名詞的后綴

          后綴 例詞

          -age short→shortage 不足;短缺

          -cy efficient→efficiency 效率;功效

          fluent→fluency

          流利;流暢

          accurate→accuracy

          準確性

          private→privacy

          隱私;私密

          -dom free→freedom 自由;自主

          wise→wisdom

          明智;智慧

          -ence different→difference 差異

          silent→silence

          沉默

          -ness weak→weakness虛弱;弱點

          kind→kindness

          仁慈;好意

          careless→carelessness

          粗心大意

          -th strong→strength力氣;強項

          warm→warmth

          溫暖;熱情

          -y

          -ty

          -ity honest→honesty誠實

          difficult→difficulty

          困難

          cruel→cruelty

          殘酷;殘暴

          safe→safety

          安全

          disable→disability

          無能;傷殘

          responsible→responsibility

          責任

          [典題精選] [我來改正] [常設誤點]

          ①(2024·四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.

          ②(2024·陜西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking.I insisted on doing most of the baking myself. ①friend→friends

          ②step→steps (1)可數名詞單復數的錯用

          ①可數名詞前有數詞、數量詞、some或one of ...等修飾,則該名詞應用復數形式;

          ②在指示代詞this, that后用單數名詞;在these, those后用復數名詞。

          ①(2024·遼寧高考)We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.

          ②(2024·長春市質檢)Looking back on the progresses that I have made so far, I really appreciate your support. ①time→times

          ②progresses→

          progress (2)混淆名詞的可數與不可數

          ①有些詞既可作可數名詞又可作不可數名詞,例如time表示“次數”為可數名詞,表示“時間”為不可數名詞;experience表示“經歷”時為可數名詞,表示“經驗”時為不可數名詞;

          ②誤把不可數名詞當作可數名詞,例如純抽象名詞:progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可數名詞。

          (2024·濟寧市一模)I've learned English for so long that I can communicate with native speakers of English without difficult. difficult→

          difficulty (3)詞性錯用

          誤把動詞、形容詞等當作名詞。

          (二) 主謂一致

          單句語法填空

          1.(2024·全國卷Ⅱ語法填空)This cycle goes (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.

          2.(2024·全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio.

          It was (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.

          3.(2024·湖南高考改編)It is important to remember that success is (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes (take) years to achieve.

          4.(2024·湖南高考改編)All we need is_(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.

          5.(2024·江蘇高考改編)Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.

          英語中的主謂一致主要遵循三大原則:意義一致原則、語法一致原則和就近一致原則。這三個原則發生沖突時,優先考慮意義一致原則。

          一、意義一致原則

          1.由連詞and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出現(不可分割的整體),謂語動詞用單數。

          ①The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.

          既是作家又是教師的史密斯自從搬到悉尼經歷了無數的成敗。

          ②To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.

          早睡早起是個好習慣。

          2.“no/each/every/many a+單數名詞+and+no/each/every/many a+單數名詞”作主語,謂語動詞用單數。

          Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.

          每一個人都有充分的理由為他們的父親所做的工作感到驕傲。

          3.非謂語動詞作主語,謂語動詞用單數。

          To prevent the air from being polluted is what we're now researching.

          阻止空氣受污染是我們現在正在研究的課題。

          4.含修飾語的名詞作主語的特殊情況。

          (1)many a/more than one+單數名詞作主語,謂語動詞用單數。

          More than one student has been admitted to the club.

          不止一名學生被錄取到這家俱樂部。

          (2)the rest, the remaining/part ...+主語,謂語動詞應根據所表達的單復數意義而定。

          The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.

          工廠用了這種原材料的五分之三,剩余部分節省出來作為他用。

          (3)分數、百分數指代或修飾名詞時,謂語動詞的單復數取決于它們所表示的意義。

          ①About 50% of the land is suitable to grow plants.

          大約50%的土地適合種植物。

          ②About 80% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up.

          這個城市中大約80%的人反對自來水價格上調。

          5.單復數同形的名詞作主語的情況。

          單復數同形的名詞,如means, works, sheep, deer, crossroads, series等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數根據具體情況而定。

          ①Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.

          解決這個問題的每一種方法都試過,但沒有一種有效。

          ②There are various means of communicating with a stranger.

          同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。

          6.從句作主語的情況。

          從句作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數形式,但what引導的從句作主語時,謂語動詞要根據從句的意義決定。

          ①That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.

          杰克出國了,這使我們都很驚訝。

          ②What he says and acts do not agree.

          他的言行不一致。(指他說的話和他做的事,是復數概念)

          二、語法一致原則

          1.主語和謂語通常遵循語法一致的原則,即主語是單數形式,謂語動詞用單數形式;主語是復數形式,謂語動詞用復數形式。

          ①Mr Black is a well-known expert on AIDS.

          布萊克先生是著名的艾滋病專家。

          ②My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.

          我的朋友們無意和我去購物。

          2.a quantity of接名詞時,謂語動詞通常用單數形式。quantities of后接復數名詞、不可數名詞,后面的謂語動詞都用復數形式。

          With more and more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.

          =With more and more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.

          隨著越來越多的森林被砍伐,每年有大量的沃土被沖走。

          3.由“kind(form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修飾的主語,其謂語形式常取決于這些詞的單復數。

          This new type of buses is now on show.

          這種新型的公共汽車現在正在展出。

          4.主語后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等附屬成分時,謂語動詞的數要與前面的主語保持一致。

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