英語講義【85】被動句中的動詞形態(tài)

　　信箱里有一張裝修商的傳單，上面有這句話：

　　Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.

　　這句話清楚嗎？很清楚！問題是第二個并列分句的被動語態(tài)的動詞形態(tài)entitle不對。為什么不對呢？這就要從主動語態(tài)（the active voice）和被動語態(tài)（the passive voice）的差別談起。

　　在主動語態(tài)里，主語是動作的主角，如：

　　① I have just bought a new dictionary.

　　② They will invite you to dinner.

　　在被動語態(tài)里，賓語成為主角，原來的主語則靠邊站，移至句后，如：

　　③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me.

　　④ You will be invited to dinner by them.

　　在被動語態(tài)的結構里，最重要的成分是接系動詞be+主動詞的過去分詞（be+past participle of the principal verb）。③里的has been bought和④里的will be invited便是這個成分。根據(jù)這原則，be entitle就要改為be entitled才行。

　　現(xiàn)在多看看幾個例子：

　　⑤ One must do the work properly.The work must be properly done.

　　⑥ Someone took down the pictures.The pictures were taken down.

　　⑦ Anne gave John a photo.John was given a photo by Anne.

　　在⑤和⑥里，原來的主語不重要，所以在被動句中被省略了。在 ⑦里，我們看到兩個賓語，一個是直接賓語（direct object）a photo，另一個是間接賓語（indirect object）John。直接賓語一定是事物；間接賓語就是人物。

　　這樣的主動語態(tài)，有兩種變法。除了John was given a photo by Anne之外，另一個方法是A photo was given to John by Anne.

　　在日常英語用途上，直接語態(tài)比間接語態(tài)用得多。但在下列情況中，則應采用被動語態(tài)：

　　㈠主語不詳，如：

　　① A puppy was knocked down.

　　② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.

　　㈡突出賓語，如：

　　③ The gangster was sent to prison.

　　④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned.

　　⑤ All good students will be rewarded.

　　㈢不方便提到主語，如：

　　⑥ Some students are said to be often late for class.

　　⑦ The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.

　　㈣動詞習慣以被動式出現(xiàn)，如：

　　⑧ You are expected to work hard from now on.

　　⑨ The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m.

　　⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.

　　①⑩這些被動句中的原有主語通常被省略，不出現(xiàn)。

　　信箱里有一張裝修商的傳單，上面有這句話：

　　Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.

　　這句話清楚嗎？很清楚！問題是第二個并列分句的被動語態(tài)的動詞形態(tài)entitle不對。為什么不對呢？這就要從主動語態(tài)（the active voice）和被動語態(tài)（the passive voice）的差別談起。

　　在主動語態(tài)里，主語是動作的主角，如：

　　① I have just bought a new dictionary.

　　② They will invite you to dinner.

　　在被動語態(tài)里，賓語成為主角，原來的主語則靠邊站，移至句后，如：

　　③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me.

　　④ You will be invited to dinner by them.

　　在被動語態(tài)的結構里，最重要的成分是接系動詞be+主動詞的過去分詞（be+past participle of the principal verb）。③里的has been bought和④里的will be invited便是這個成分。根據(jù)這原則，be entitle就要改為be entitled才行。

　　現(xiàn)在多看看幾個例子：

　　⑤ One must do the work properly.The work must be properly done.

　　⑥ Someone took down the pictures.The pictures were taken down.

　　⑦ Anne gave John a photo.John was given a photo by Anne.

　　在⑤和⑥里，原來的主語不重要，所以在被動句中被省略了。在 ⑦里，我們看到兩個賓語，一個是直接賓語（direct object）a photo，另一個是間接賓語（indirect object）John。直接賓語一定是事物；間接賓語就是人物。

　　這樣的主動語態(tài)，有兩種變法。除了John was given a photo by Anne之外，另一個方法是A photo was given to John by Anne.

　　在日常英語用途上，直接語態(tài)比間接語態(tài)用得多。但在下列情況中，則應采用被動語態(tài)：

　　㈠主語不詳，如：

　　① A puppy was knocked down.

　　② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.

　　㈡突出賓語，如：

　　③ The gangster was sent to prison.

　　④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned.

　　⑤ All good students will be rewarded.

　　㈢不方便提到主語，如：

　　⑥ Some students are said to be often late for class.

　　⑦ The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.

　　㈣動詞習慣以被動式出現(xiàn)，如：

　　⑧ You are expected to work hard from now on.

　　⑨ The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m.

　　⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.

　　①⑩這些被動句中的原有主語通常被省略，不出現(xiàn)。