英語(yǔ)講義【61】英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)
短語(yǔ)或詞組(phrases)是英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)中重要的成分,不可忽視。
英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)是由至少兩個(gè)字合組而成為一個(gè)有意義的單位。
短語(yǔ)通常沒(méi)有主語(yǔ),也沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但是每個(gè)短語(yǔ)都有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義,在句子中形成一個(gè)重要的環(huán)節(jié)。
論功能,英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)可分為名詞短語(yǔ)(noun phrase)、形容詞短語(yǔ)(adjective phrase)和副詞短語(yǔ)(adverb phrase)三種。
名詞短語(yǔ),主要有三種形式,即:㈠名詞組;㈡動(dòng)名詞組;㈢不定式動(dòng)詞組。
名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞功能一樣,可在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),如例①;賓語(yǔ),如例②;補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如例③:
① The state of Johore lies in the southern part of Malaysia.
② I enjoy teaching English.
③ Who is to accompany you to the airport?
①是名詞組;②是動(dòng)名詞組;③是不定式動(dòng)詞組。
形容詞短語(yǔ)也有三種,即:㈠介詞組,如例④-⑥;㈡現(xiàn)在分詞組;如例⑦-⑧;過(guò)去分詞組,如例⑨-⑩:
④ The boy on my right is the monitor.
⑤ Bankers are people of great wealth.
⑥ I published books on language learning.
⑦ Hearing the scream, the small girl cried.
⑧ Have you seen the thief running for his life?
⑨ Taken aback, the boy burst into tears.
⑩ The rat, chased by a cat, ran into a ditch.
由介詞組成的形容詞短語(yǔ)緊跟在被修飾的名詞之后。由現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞組成者,則可以在名詞之前,如例⑦和⑨或名詞后頭,如例⑧和⑩。
副詞短語(yǔ)主要由介詞協(xié)助組成,作用和一般副詞一樣,修飾動(dòng)詞,但位置靈活,可以在句前,也可以在動(dòng)詞之后。例如:
11 The naughty boy was asked to stand in front of the classroom.
12 Dont run across the road. It is dangerous to do so.
13 In 1989, I stayed a few months in the University of London as a visiting scholar.
在這些短語(yǔ)中,由介詞引薦者既有形容詞的功能(見(jiàn)例④-⑥),又可負(fù)起副詞的使命。這樣一來(lái),我們應(yīng)如何判辨兩者的差別呢?方法簡(jiǎn)單,就是從短語(yǔ)在句中的功能著手:修飾名詞的是形容詞性的、修飾動(dòng)詞的是副詞性的,如:
14a The students in this class are very active.
b If you like, you may study in this class.
15a Two boys at the back of the class are talking.
b An unwell student has fallen asleep at the back of the class.
In this class和at the back of the class在14a和15 a里修飾名詞students和boys,因此屬形容詞性短語(yǔ)。反之,在14b和15b中,則分別修飾動(dòng)詞may study和has fallen asleep,因此是副詞性短語(yǔ)。
短語(yǔ)或詞組(phrases)是英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)中重要的成分,不可忽視。
英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)是由至少兩個(gè)字合組而成為一個(gè)有意義的單位。
短語(yǔ)通常沒(méi)有主語(yǔ),也沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但是每個(gè)短語(yǔ)都有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義,在句子中形成一個(gè)重要的環(huán)節(jié)。
論功能,英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)可分為名詞短語(yǔ)(noun phrase)、形容詞短語(yǔ)(adjective phrase)和副詞短語(yǔ)(adverb phrase)三種。
名詞短語(yǔ),主要有三種形式,即:㈠名詞組;㈡動(dòng)名詞組;㈢不定式動(dòng)詞組。
名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞功能一樣,可在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),如例①;賓語(yǔ),如例②;補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如例③:
① The state of Johore lies in the southern part of Malaysia.
② I enjoy teaching English.
③ Who is to accompany you to the airport?
①是名詞組;②是動(dòng)名詞組;③是不定式動(dòng)詞組。
形容詞短語(yǔ)也有三種,即:㈠介詞組,如例④-⑥;㈡現(xiàn)在分詞組;如例⑦-⑧;過(guò)去分詞組,如例⑨-⑩:
④ The boy on my right is the monitor.
⑤ Bankers are people of great wealth.
⑥ I published books on language learning.
⑦ Hearing the scream, the small girl cried.
⑧ Have you seen the thief running for his life?
⑨ Taken aback, the boy burst into tears.
⑩ The rat, chased by a cat, ran into a ditch.
由介詞組成的形容詞短語(yǔ)緊跟在被修飾的名詞之后。由現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞組成者,則可以在名詞之前,如例⑦和⑨或名詞后頭,如例⑧和⑩。
副詞短語(yǔ)主要由介詞協(xié)助組成,作用和一般副詞一樣,修飾動(dòng)詞,但位置靈活,可以在句前,也可以在動(dòng)詞之后。例如:
11 The naughty boy was asked to stand in front of the classroom.
12 Dont run across the road. It is dangerous to do so.
13 In 1989, I stayed a few months in the University of London as a visiting scholar.
在這些短語(yǔ)中,由介詞引薦者既有形容詞的功能(見(jiàn)例④-⑥),又可負(fù)起副詞的使命。這樣一來(lái),我們應(yīng)如何判辨兩者的差別呢?方法簡(jiǎn)單,就是從短語(yǔ)在句中的功能著手:修飾名詞的是形容詞性的、修飾動(dòng)詞的是副詞性的,如:
14a The students in this class are very active.
b If you like, you may study in this class.
15a Two boys at the back of the class are talking.
b An unwell student has fallen asleep at the back of the class.
In this class和at the back of the class在14a和15 a里修飾名詞students和boys,因此屬形容詞性短語(yǔ)。反之,在14b和15b中,則分別修飾動(dòng)詞may study和has fallen asleep,因此是副詞性短語(yǔ)。