2023年職稱英語(yǔ)考試常用語(yǔ)法詳解之狀語(yǔ)從句
狀語(yǔ)從句
所謂狀語(yǔ)從句，是指用來(lái)說(shuō)明主句行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、地點(diǎn)、目的、結(jié)果及方式等。
1) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：記住以下連接詞的意思和重點(diǎn)：
when / while / as
注意：while除了做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的連接詞外，還解釋為雖然，而.
例如：He is very diligent, while she is very lazy.
before 在之前
until / not until注意：not until放在句首時(shí)，往往要求倒裝
as soon as / once
immediately / instantly / directly 原本是副詞，這里作連接詞，表示一就，
例如： I knew I had made a mistake directly I had done it.
the moment / each time / every time / next time / the first time / the instant / the year原本是名詞或副詞，這里作連接詞用。
hardly when / no soonerthan一就
注意：這是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)考試的重點(diǎn)句型，一是不要把兩個(gè)句型中的when和than的搭配搞錯(cuò)了，二是要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。
例如：
Hardly had I sat down when the telephone rang.
重點(diǎn)：在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中，用一般時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。
例如：
Well start as soon as the leader ______.
A.comes B.is coming C.will come D.came
根據(jù)英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)一致性原則，主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致，答案似乎應(yīng)該是B或C，但是正確答案是A，因?yàn)樵跁r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中，用一般時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。將上句改為過(guò)去時(shí)，道理也一樣：
He said we would start as soon as the leader _____.
A.came B.was coming C.would come D.comes
答案應(yīng)為A
2) 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：分真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句
重點(diǎn)：在條件狀語(yǔ)中，用一般時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
主要連接詞：
if / unless
例如：
Children should not be taken into the room of a very sick person ______ there is some special reason for it.
A.except B. besides C. unless D.whereas
解題思路：根據(jù)上面說(shuō)過(guò)的連接原則，這里必須是一個(gè)連接詞，而A，B都是介詞，因此正確答案只能在C，D中選。whereas意為而，故正確答案為C.
provided / on condition that 知道這也是連接詞就可以了，一般說(shuō)，當(dāng)考題中出現(xiàn)這種詞時(shí)，應(yīng)傾向選擇。
3) 原因狀語(yǔ)從句：
主要連接詞：because/ since / as
要點(diǎn)：不要把連接詞 because與介詞短語(yǔ)because of 相混淆;
不要把表示原因的since與表示時(shí)間的since自從相混淆;
不要把表示原因的as與表示時(shí)間的as隨著相混淆;
順便提一下， because表示直接因果關(guān)系，而since, as 是對(duì)事實(shí)的說(shuō)明，主句和從句之間并不一定具有因果關(guān)系.
例如：
As you are already 18 years old, you should know what to do and what not to do.
這個(gè)句子用because連接就不太合適。好在軍隊(duì)職稱考試中并不要求作這種分辨。
for 注意：一般只能放在主句后面，即主句 + for從句，例如：
He must have gone to bed, for it is too late. 該句不能用because
now that / seeing that / considering that
Seeing that this problem was settled, they proceeded to the next one. n
in that一般放在主句后面，例如：
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages as a tool to communicate.
4) 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：
主要連接詞：although / even if / while 后兩個(gè)是考試的重點(diǎn)。no matter what / no matter how / whetheror not 這是讓步句考試的重點(diǎn)。
例如：
No matter what may happen, we will not change our plan.
No matter how difficult the journey may be, we will not change our plan.
We should not worry her whether she is well or ill .
注意：no matter what后面跟名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu);no matter how后面跟形容詞或副詞，不要搞錯(cuò);用了no matter what / no matter how就不能再用whatever / however.
5) 比較狀語(yǔ)從句：
這是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考內(nèi)容，要特別加以重視。
基本概念：兩個(gè)比較級(jí)，三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上最高級(jí)。要對(duì)數(shù)字2特別敏感，試選擇：
Of Mary and Jane, who is ______?
A. smart B.the smartest
C. more smarter D.the smarter
解題思路：很顯然這是一道考形容詞比較級(jí)的題目，從句子結(jié)構(gòu)和選題A可以判斷smart是個(gè)形容詞原級(jí)，因此可以斷定C的形式錯(cuò)了。B是最高級(jí)，但句中只有兩個(gè)人Mary 和Jane，因此正確答案只能是D，這是一個(gè)較特殊的比較級(jí)句型，即the + 形容詞比較級(jí) + of 。
比較級(jí)的主要句型：
原級(jí)比較：as +形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+ as， 否定式：not so +形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+ as
注意問(wèn)題：asas 之間的形容詞或副詞是否采用了原級(jí);asas 之間該用形容詞還是副詞;用as much as 還是用as many as
表示倍數(shù)時(shí)用下面結(jié)構(gòu)， 如3倍：three times as as
例如：
The size of the island is about ______ that of this one.
A.three times as much as B.as three times much as
C.as three times greater than D.three times as big as
解題思路：B、C違反了上述句型規(guī)定，A、D的區(qū)別是size是與much搭配還是與big搭配，D是對(duì)的。
比較級(jí)：more than
注意：
1) 比較形式是否正確，如是否有類似more better這樣重復(fù)比較的錯(cuò)誤;
2)兩者之間是比較級(jí)，三者以上是最高級(jí)，看看是兩者還是三者或三者以上;
3)只有同類的人或物才能比較;比較不能包括自己， 常用other表示排除。
例如不能說(shuō)：
He is taller than any students in this class.
而應(yīng)說(shuō)：
He is taller than any other student in this class.
4)修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, even, far, by far, still, a lot, a bit 等，例如：
John did badly in the sports meet. I did even worse .
你能看出下句的問(wèn)題嗎?
His salary as a bus driver is more higher than a teacher.
該句有兩個(gè)大錯(cuò)1)high的比較級(jí)為higher，2)主語(yǔ)his salary而比較對(duì)象是a teacher，兩者不可比，怎樣的表達(dá)才是對(duì)的呢?請(qǐng)選擇：
His salary as a bus driver is much higher ______.
A.in comparison with a teacher B.than a teacher
C.than a teachers D.than that of a teachers
正確答案是C，也可以寫成than that of a teacher
最高級(jí)the most of +比較范圍 / 最高級(jí)+名詞+that 定語(yǔ)從句，例如：
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
the morethe more
The longer you wear glasses, the more you depend on them.
考試時(shí)，一般只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)the 和比較級(jí)形式就不難判別。
其他表示比較意思的形式
A is superior / inferior to B
注意：superior/ inferior前不能再加 more 或者less; 用to不是用 than.
例如：
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages to communicate.
prefer rather than
例如：
I preferred to stay out in the cold rather than spend the night there.
Would ratherthan
6) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：
主要連接詞：where / wherever / everywhere
注意地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中where與定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系副詞where的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系：
Put the book where it is.
Put the book in the place where it is.
以上兩個(gè)句子的意思是一樣的，第一個(gè)句子是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)句子是定語(yǔ)從句，where作關(guān)系副詞修飾the place
7) 方式狀語(yǔ)從句：
as按時(shí)
Air is to man as water is to fish.
要點(diǎn)：不要把a(bǔ)s 與like 混淆，like是介詞，不是連接詞, 如不能說(shuō)：All plants need air like they need water，應(yīng)為：All plants need air as they need water.
as if / as though可以是真實(shí)的，也可以是虛擬的，如：
The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.
He speaks English as though he were an Englishman.
8)目的 / 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
目的狀語(yǔ)從句：
so that / in order that
lest / for fear that 注意：該句型一般使用should型虛擬式
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：
sothat / suchthat/ so that / that / so
The professor speaks so fast that we find it difficult to follow him.
He give me such good advice that I finished the task smoothly.
The film was such that everyone was deeply moved.
順便提一下，，only to do 雖不屬于從句，但是是一個(gè)重要的表 結(jié)果的句型，請(qǐng)記住， 例如：
For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only to be told to return the next day.
從考試角度看，狀語(yǔ)從句的重點(diǎn)是：時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和比較
注：如前所述，本講座不是經(jīng)典語(yǔ)法書，有些講法從廣義上說(shuō)是不完整的，甚至是不確切的，如：逗號(hào)，不能連接兩個(gè)句子的提法，但這些概念對(duì)于理解英語(yǔ)的某些語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象，特別是解題是實(shí)用的。相信我，沒(méi)錯(cuò)的.
狀語(yǔ)從句
所謂狀語(yǔ)從句，是指用來(lái)說(shuō)明主句行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、地點(diǎn)、目的、結(jié)果及方式等。
1) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：記住以下連接詞的意思和重點(diǎn)：
when / while / as
注意：while除了做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的連接詞外，還解釋為雖然，而.
例如：He is very diligent, while she is very lazy.
before 在之前
until / not until注意：not until放在句首時(shí)，往往要求倒裝
as soon as / once
immediately / instantly / directly 原本是副詞，這里作連接詞，表示一就，
例如： I knew I had made a mistake directly I had done it.
the moment / each time / every time / next time / the first time / the instant / the year原本是名詞或副詞，這里作連接詞用。
hardly when / no soonerthan一就
注意：這是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)考試的重點(diǎn)句型，一是不要把兩個(gè)句型中的when和than的搭配搞錯(cuò)了，二是要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。
例如：
Hardly had I sat down when the telephone rang.
重點(diǎn)：在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中，用一般時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。
例如：
Well start as soon as the leader ______.
A.comes B.is coming C.will come D.came
根據(jù)英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)一致性原則，主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致，答案似乎應(yīng)該是B或C，但是正確答案是A，因?yàn)樵跁r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中，用一般時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。將上句改為過(guò)去時(shí)，道理也一樣：
He said we would start as soon as the leader _____.
A.came B.was coming C.would come D.comes
答案應(yīng)為A
2) 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：分真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句
重點(diǎn)：在條件狀語(yǔ)中，用一般時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
主要連接詞：
if / unless
例如：
Children should not be taken into the room of a very sick person ______ there is some special reason for it.
A.except B. besides C. unless D.whereas
解題思路：根據(jù)上面說(shuō)過(guò)的連接原則，這里必須是一個(gè)連接詞，而A，B都是介詞，因此正確答案只能在C，D中選。whereas意為而，故正確答案為C.
provided / on condition that 知道這也是連接詞就可以了，一般說(shuō)，當(dāng)考題中出現(xiàn)這種詞時(shí)，應(yīng)傾向選擇。
3) 原因狀語(yǔ)從句：
主要連接詞：because/ since / as
要點(diǎn)：不要把連接詞 because與介詞短語(yǔ)because of 相混淆;
不要把表示原因的since與表示時(shí)間的since自從相混淆;
不要把表示原因的as與表示時(shí)間的as隨著相混淆;
順便提一下， because表示直接因果關(guān)系，而since, as 是對(duì)事實(shí)的說(shuō)明，主句和從句之間并不一定具有因果關(guān)系.
例如：
As you are already 18 years old, you should know what to do and what not to do.
這個(gè)句子用because連接就不太合適。好在軍隊(duì)職稱考試中并不要求作這種分辨。
for 注意：一般只能放在主句后面，即主句 + for從句，例如：
He must have gone to bed, for it is too late. 該句不能用because
now that / seeing that / considering that
Seeing that this problem was settled, they proceeded to the next one. n
in that一般放在主句后面，例如：
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages as a tool to communicate.
4) 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：
主要連接詞：although / even if / while 后兩個(gè)是考試的重點(diǎn)。no matter what / no matter how / whetheror not 這是讓步句考試的重點(diǎn)。
例如：
No matter what may happen, we will not change our plan.
No matter how difficult the journey may be, we will not change our plan.
We should not worry her whether she is well or ill .
注意：no matter what后面跟名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu);no matter how后面跟形容詞或副詞，不要搞錯(cuò);用了no matter what / no matter how就不能再用whatever / however.
5) 比較狀語(yǔ)從句：
這是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必考內(nèi)容，要特別加以重視。
基本概念：兩個(gè)比較級(jí)，三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上最高級(jí)。要對(duì)數(shù)字2特別敏感，試選擇：
Of Mary and Jane, who is ______?
A. smart B.the smartest
C. more smarter D.the smarter
解題思路：很顯然這是一道考形容詞比較級(jí)的題目，從句子結(jié)構(gòu)和選題A可以判斷smart是個(gè)形容詞原級(jí)，因此可以斷定C的形式錯(cuò)了。B是最高級(jí)，但句中只有兩個(gè)人Mary 和Jane，因此正確答案只能是D，這是一個(gè)較特殊的比較級(jí)句型，即the + 形容詞比較級(jí) + of 。
比較級(jí)的主要句型：
原級(jí)比較：as +形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+ as， 否定式：not so +形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+ as
注意問(wèn)題：asas 之間的形容詞或副詞是否采用了原級(jí);asas 之間該用形容詞還是副詞;用as much as 還是用as many as
表示倍數(shù)時(shí)用下面結(jié)構(gòu)， 如3倍：three times as as
例如：
The size of the island is about ______ that of this one.
A.three times as much as B.as three times much as
C.as three times greater than D.three times as big as
解題思路：B、C違反了上述句型規(guī)定，A、D的區(qū)別是size是與much搭配還是與big搭配，D是對(duì)的。
比較級(jí)：more than
注意：
1) 比較形式是否正確，如是否有類似more better這樣重復(fù)比較的錯(cuò)誤;
2)兩者之間是比較級(jí)，三者以上是最高級(jí)，看看是兩者還是三者或三者以上;
3)只有同類的人或物才能比較;比較不能包括自己， 常用other表示排除。
例如不能說(shuō)：
He is taller than any students in this class.
而應(yīng)說(shuō)：
He is taller than any other student in this class.
4)修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, even, far, by far, still, a lot, a bit 等，例如：
John did badly in the sports meet. I did even worse .
你能看出下句的問(wèn)題嗎?
His salary as a bus driver is more higher than a teacher.
該句有兩個(gè)大錯(cuò)1)high的比較級(jí)為higher，2)主語(yǔ)his salary而比較對(duì)象是a teacher，兩者不可比，怎樣的表達(dá)才是對(duì)的呢?請(qǐng)選擇：
His salary as a bus driver is much higher ______.
A.in comparison with a teacher B.than a teacher
C.than a teachers D.than that of a teachers
正確答案是C，也可以寫成than that of a teacher
最高級(jí)the most of +比較范圍 / 最高級(jí)+名詞+that 定語(yǔ)從句，例如：
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
the morethe more
The longer you wear glasses, the more you depend on them.
考試時(shí)，一般只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)the 和比較級(jí)形式就不難判別。
其他表示比較意思的形式
A is superior / inferior to B
注意：superior/ inferior前不能再加 more 或者less; 用to不是用 than.
例如：
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages to communicate.
prefer rather than
例如：
I preferred to stay out in the cold rather than spend the night there.
Would ratherthan
6) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：
主要連接詞：where / wherever / everywhere
注意地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中where與定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系副詞where的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系：
Put the book where it is.
Put the book in the place where it is.
以上兩個(gè)句子的意思是一樣的，第一個(gè)句子是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)句子是定語(yǔ)從句，where作關(guān)系副詞修飾the place
7) 方式狀語(yǔ)從句：
as按時(shí)
Air is to man as water is to fish.
要點(diǎn)：不要把a(bǔ)s 與like 混淆，like是介詞，不是連接詞, 如不能說(shuō)：All plants need air like they need water，應(yīng)為：All plants need air as they need water.
as if / as though可以是真實(shí)的，也可以是虛擬的，如：
The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.
He speaks English as though he were an Englishman.
8)目的 / 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
目的狀語(yǔ)從句：
so that / in order that
lest / for fear that 注意：該句型一般使用should型虛擬式
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：
sothat / suchthat/ so that / that / so
The professor speaks so fast that we find it difficult to follow him.
He give me such good advice that I finished the task smoothly.
The film was such that everyone was deeply moved.
順便提一下，，only to do 雖不屬于從句，但是是一個(gè)重要的表 結(jié)果的句型，請(qǐng)記住， 例如：
For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only to be told to return the next day.
從考試角度看，狀語(yǔ)從句的重點(diǎn)是：時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和比較
注：如前所述，本講座不是經(jīng)典語(yǔ)法書，有些講法從廣義上說(shuō)是不完整的，甚至是不確切的，如：逗號(hào)，不能連接兩個(gè)句子的提法，但這些概念對(duì)于理解英語(yǔ)的某些語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象，特別是解題是實(shí)用的。相信我，沒(méi)錯(cuò)的.
