GRE出國(guó)考試寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo):網(wǎng)友整理寫(xiě)作素材

　　被精簡(jiǎn)之后再精簡(jiǎn)的issue材料，都是我考g時(shí)候總結(jié)出的最后背誦版，分兩個(gè)部分：一個(gè)是分類(lèi)的重要詞條;另一個(gè)是一些短小的例子資料部分于孫遠(yuǎn)，還有其他一些下載的資料的綜合，基本上夠用了。分類(lèi)

　　一. 教育類(lèi)

　　1 教育的目的和作用Transmitting democratic values; create equality of opportunity; preparing new generations of citizens in society.

　　2 教育之生活技能

　　Logical thinking; analysis; creative problem solving; synthesis; oral communication; writing communication; interpersonal; leadership

　　3 道德教育

　　Honesty; fairness; self-discipline; fidelity to task, friends and family; personal responsibility; love of a country; belief in the principles

　　of liberty; equality and freedom to practice ones faith

　　4 人文教育

　　an ability to synthesize and relate; to weigh cause and effect; to see events in perspective; how to read, write and think;

　　speak intelligently; get along with others; conceptualize problems

　　5 填鴨教育

　　二. 科技類(lèi)

　　1 帶來(lái)landfill: outdated devices, discarded chemicals, plastic packaging

　　2 帶來(lái)out of work: automation contribute to out of work; the development of computers and transistors and the accompanying trend toward miniaturization

　　3 壞處automobile exhausts, pesticides such as DDT threaten the food chain, mineral wastes pollute reservoirs of groundwater

　　4 好處telecomuniting: because of the side effect relatively inferior, improve productivity, develop quantity management, reduce labor resourcefulness

　　5 雙面性as medicine both have side effect; however, people could not reject to receive them with more benefits

　　6 事例：國(guó)防軍備，基因治療疾病，機(jī)器人的工業(yè)用途，全球化;事業(yè)，個(gè)人隱私，倫理，社會(huì)不平等，文化落后，文化殖民，溫室效應(yīng)，飲水質(zhì)量數(shù)量，灌溉用水，工業(yè)用水，發(fā)電，漁業(yè)，化學(xué)泄漏，核泄漏導(dǎo)致死亡，疾病

　　三. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)類(lèi)

　　1 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的好處in business: 電腦更先進(jìn)，通訊更發(fā)達(dá)，價(jià)格更低;其他：挑戰(zhàn)人類(lèi)極限，促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)，使社會(huì)民主

　　2 合作的好處：例子如籃球，建筑，修路;壞處：失去競(jìng)爭(zhēng);過(guò)度：合作壟斷，固定價(jià)格失去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的spirit，如美國(guó)人就不允許政府operate以免失去competition

　　3 合作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)co-opetition, a combination of cooperation and competition, is the delicate balance of cooperation and competition.

　　四. 社會(huì)問(wèn)題

　　1貧窮：由產(chǎn)于物產(chǎn)見(jiàn)得conflict，class discrimination and unequal opportunities, the social welfare system and affirmative action.

　　2 種族歧視power and wealth 分不均造成的：個(gè)人自由，公民自由，權(quán)威的濫用;經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)，社會(huì)活動(dòng)，文盲，失業(yè)，無(wú)家可歸，疾病。種族純優(yōu)化，種族隔離，制度不平等

　　3 反社會(huì)問(wèn)題：犯罪，暴力，drugs, criminal justice system, 家庭不穩(wěn)定，家庭暴力，學(xué)業(yè)不好，媒體影響，離婚

　　4 性別歧視：工作地方，職業(yè)，工資，教育

　　5 醫(yī)療健康問(wèn)題：器官移植，基因治療，安樂(lè)死化學(xué)潛在的危害、治病，消除饑餓

　　6 能源問(wèn)題：污染―health risks, acid rain ,global warming, renewable

　　五 政治類(lèi)

　　1 目的：產(chǎn)生，保持，擴(kuò)大wealth, prosperity influence

　　2 道德與政治的異同:

　　similarity: regulate or direct human behavior, 程度不同

　　二者界限模糊，取決于社會(huì)矛盾，政治目標(biāo)，道德可以政治化，政治可以道德化

　　五. 丑聞

　　Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Thomson and John Kennedy had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jefferson, many

　　believe, fathered children, by one of his slaves. And Grover Cleveland confessed to having an illigitionate child.

　　六. 企業(yè)文化的重要性

　　1 Leader 作道德榜樣，讓員工更忠心，以企業(yè)為榮

　　2 是吸引和留住人才的因素，建設(shè)文化組織讓員工自我實(shí)現(xiàn)

　　3 對(duì)CEO要求：建設(shè)文化，鼓勵(lì)負(fù)責(zé)的行為，解除勞動(dòng)潛力

　　4 好的企業(yè)文化：保證穩(wěn)定以致，更讓人尊敬，信任，不建立信任將被所有人拒絕

　　七. 歷史類(lèi)

　　1 Lesson of courage, diligence, 積極抗?fàn)?/p>

　　2 預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)：像過(guò)去學(xué)習(xí)，不要覺(jué)得好笑或有優(yōu)越感，而要理解人們想象和夢(mèng)想明天的動(dòng)機(jī)。這有個(gè)很好的名人名言Machiavelli, an Italian

　　philosopher, wrote: whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past, for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.

　　3 預(yù)測(cè)模式：根據(jù)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事與將來(lái)相似的過(guò)去因素對(duì)未來(lái)的影響，延續(xù)歷史

　　八. 藝術(shù)類(lèi)

　　可能這類(lèi)事很多人最懼怕的，但是我看了下面這篇文章之后就很想考到的是藝術(shù)類(lèi)，文章來(lái)自于《英語(yǔ)》

　　以上的字眼有完整的小段，建議可以參照下面的寫(xiě)法，不要背誦，畢竟那不是自己的東西。

　　The purpose of education is to transmit democratic values, create equality of opportunity, and prepare new generation of citizens in society.

　　Everyone should be taught life skills as analysis, logical thinking, synthesis, and creative problem solving rather than

　　just knowledge which are more important for people to survive freely in the complex and rapid change.

　　We should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal

　　responsibility, love their country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality and the freedom to practice ones faith.

　　To study history and classics is to teach students the ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective

　　Liberal art teaches you how to think, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.

　　Students are being so stuffed indigestible mass of material that they have no time to draw on his own resources,

　　to use their own minds for analyzing and synthesizing and evaluating this material

　　Art is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the

　　work of art that artists can express their passions, emotions, and desires. Art is concerning with the inner

　　world rather than with the outside one as a whole.

　　Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, was renowned by creating many symphonies.

　　Astonishingly, he produced his most famous symphony, chorus with complete deafness. How could he manage

　　it? It not only has to be the prominent imagination that stimulate him to struggle and thrive, thus can even

　　listen in spite of no hearings, but more important, determines his keen interest in music.

　　Monet, throughout his lifetime, always obtained no acclaim and reward and suffered in poverty however,

　　he, finally, gain the respect of everyone. Nowadays, people understand his impressive painting sunrise and affirm its value.

　　Art also can reflect problems and phenomenon of a society. Take van Gogh as an example. The painting,

　　one of his most famous works called potato eaters reflect the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in Belgium

　　Automation trade-off technological advancement has both positive effects which enhance production efficiency

　　and quality control, reduce the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks and negative effects

　　such as landfills with outdated devices, discarded chemicals, and plastic packaging, make many jobs unnecessary

　　so that put employees out of work or force them to retrain.

　　The complex and rapidly developed society encourage competition so that in many aspects, people can gain several

　　benefits. In business, for the sake of survival in competition, companies must continue to improve the quality of

　　services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically.

　　By the development of technology, during the past decades, all of good things happen because of only competition,

　　including a computer shrinking in size, increasing in power, reducing in price, and a rapid expansion of telecommunications networking in a declining price.

　　The Olympic Game is a form of competition break up records to challenge human limits, gotten along with each

　　other country to improve friendship and peace

　　Competition can not make everyone win challenges as a win-win situation. On the other word, cooperation is

　　the only driving force that will make every participant a winner. In this super-modern world, tasks are more complex

　　and there are more specialists. In an orchestra, in the office, in the school, in the lab to study, in the creation of a film,

　　and on many jobs, we know that we have to work in teams.

　　Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves and have-nots and a structural arrangement of inequality,

　　thus, the poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. Indeed,

　　the modern society has strived to improve peoples lives by establishing the social welfare system and performing some other affirmative actions.

　　Imbalances in the distribution of power-the loss of personal freedoms and civil liberties, and abuses of authority lead people to dissatisfy.

　　Imbalance in the distribution of wealth―the loss of economic opportunity and social mobility, the creation of a

　　permanent underclass, and conditions of illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, and disease contribute people to crime.

　　Racial discrimination such as racial purity or superiority, stereotyping and labeling, physical and social segregation,

　　institutionalized inequality need to be eliminated through global education which gathers students who come from

　　different countries together to learn the same courses in which teachers instruct students fairness, honesty, love the

　　world and every committees, fidelity to tasks, friends and .

　　Family problems: family instability, divorce and child custody, spouse and child abuse, gender issues, gay and lesbian

　　families, reproductive technology, adoption, and abortion.

　　Gene problems: the bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, gene therapies. Genetic engineering can be used to

　　many aspects of human life better such as reduce the amount of potentially dangerous chemical substances, cure

　　diseases at the DNA level, and improve the possibility of ending worldwide poverty and starvation.

　　Pollution not only affects human beings lives but also destroy the environment in which many other specials live.

　　Chemical leak kill several people. Pose health risks and contribute to acid rain and global warming.

　　A politicians job is to build, maintain, and expand the wealth, prosperity and political influence of his nation; district, county, state or what have you.

　　Both morality and politics serve to regulate or direct human behavior. They differ, however, in the

　　strength of their regulation and demand different, though related, personal qualities.

　　The boundaries between morality and politics are very flexible. In some periods particular relations can be

　　regulated by moral mechanisms, which in some other periods are ruled by political ones. the interaction

　　between morality and politics depends on the particular social contradictions and objective possibilities

　　of achieving class, state and national goals by acting in accordance with, or neglecting, respective moral values and norms.

　　When the political theory, ideology and practice come into sharp contradiction with the morality of the people,

　　they lose efficacy and in the end are doomed to failure. Therefore, every political theory, ideology and practice

　　seeks moral justification and arguments in order to be accepted by the masses.

　　Leaders need to establish an organization culture and are responsible for reputation management of their

　　companies, governments and groups. As role models of values-based leadership, they can win loyalty and

　　superior performance of their employees. The organization culture as the distinctive competitive factor will

　　be the ability to attract and retain the most talented people and obtain personal fulfillment.

　　History as a mirror is used to represent a study of the past―a study not only of great heroes of history who

　　successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of many ordinary people who provided lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest.

　　Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher wrote: whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for

　　human events ever resemble those of preceding times.

　　以下就是一些例子

　　1 交叉學(xué)科的例子

　　In 1994, John Nash, the renowned mathematician in 20th century, shared the Nobel Prize with two co-winners

　　who were also mathematicians. However, they were awarded in Economic Sciences rather than their own academic

　　field-mathematics. Nashs work on game theory, including the Nash equilibrium and the Nash arbitration scheme has

　　allowed researchers to better understand problems of competition and cooperation among agents or players. His and

　　his co-winners finding had a phenomenal impact on economic analysis and appreciations in many other fields including

　　in political science, biology, ecology, etc.

　　2 學(xué)術(shù)丑聞

　　Hwang woo-suk, the former professor of Seoul National University in Korea, made headlines last year when he unveiled

　　the first cloned human embryo. The work marked the start of what many scientists believed would be a revolution. However,

　　not very sooner, Hwang was forced to admit that he had lied. Not only did he use eggs donated by his female staff, but also

　　fabricated cell lines and concocted DNA tests. This incident has sent shock waves around the scientific world, and the ethics

　　of scientists was also raised upon the table.