意群容易造成錯(cuò)誤理解的幾種情況
在歷年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試中,閱讀理解題所占的分值比較高,考生在此題中丟分也比較多,是試題難度大嗎?考生回答不是,但又普遍反映說(shuō)文章中幾乎沒有生詞,可有些句子就是弄不明白其意思,影響了對(duì)答案的正確選擇而導(dǎo)致失分。究其根源,是考生未能把握好意群在英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的運(yùn)用?,F(xiàn)將在閱讀理解中有關(guān)意群方面存在的問題歸納如下,以供參閱。
1?當(dāng)出現(xiàn)復(fù)合句時(shí),特別是定語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句,若定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞或賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞that被省略,考生常常會(huì)打亂意群,讀起來(lái)不得要領(lǐng)。例如:
?、?The crafts people buy include things to decorate their homes,clothes for their children and gifts for their friends,holidays,weddings or special occasions.
people buy是定語(yǔ)從句,限制the crafts,如果將The crafts people看作一個(gè)意群,則后面的buy include things便沒法理解了。
② He must capture the horse.He knew better man than he had tried.
此例第二句中的knew后省略了that,better m an than he屬于一個(gè)意群,是這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ),若把he knew better放在一起讀,下文就讀不通了。
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing形式與-ed形式引起的麻煩。例如:
③ Assembly will have limited self- governing powers,British say it could be as long as 30 years before the North might be in charge of its own affairs.
這里will have不與 limited一起構(gòu)成將來(lái)完成時(shí),will have后應(yīng)稍有停頓,lim ited用作形容詞,作前置定語(yǔ),修飾self-governing powers,它們構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,是 有限的自治權(quán) 的意思。
④ For those who prefer reading the evening newspaper offers the reader the possibility of reading the news others see and hear on TV.
本句中,reading出現(xiàn)兩次,第一個(gè)reading是名詞化的動(dòng)名詞,不能直接帶賓語(yǔ),后面應(yīng)有停頓,the evening newspaper不是 reading的賓語(yǔ),它屬于下一個(gè)意群,是句子的主語(yǔ);第二個(gè)reading是動(dòng)詞的-ing形式, the news是它的賓語(yǔ)。
3.分不清句中詞的搭配關(guān)系。例如:
?、軦 few bloodhounds and threats cleared the village of all the Indian inhabitants.
此句中的of不表示所有關(guān)系,因此不與village構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,它與cleared搭配,cleared...of...是 從 清除 的意思。
⑥The petition asked that during June,July,and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch.
be changed以下部分的意群容易搞錯(cuò),考生正在這里兜圈子,他們的視線停留在be changed from 8to 5,于是看不懂下文了。應(yīng)該說(shuō)from與句中的第二個(gè)to搭配,from后的8 to 5with an hour off for lunch是一個(gè)意群。第二個(gè)to后面7 to 3:30with a half-hour for lunch是另一個(gè)意群。這樣讀意思就理解了:要求作息時(shí)間從原來(lái)的上午8點(diǎn)至下午5點(diǎn),中間留一個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐改為上午7點(diǎn)至下午3點(diǎn)30分,中間留半個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐。
4.分不清and所連接的成分在層次上的差別。例如:
⑦Among the factors responsible for the higher crop yields per acre are the widespread use of m achinery for power,the development of better fertilizers,the breeding of better varieties,particularly semidwarf wheat and rice and hybrid sorghum and corn,and the more efficient use of irrigation.
例句中連用了四個(gè)and,第四個(gè)and連接的部分是第一層次,在particularly...corn這部分中,第二個(gè)and連接的是第二層次,第一個(gè)與第三個(gè)and連接的是第三層次,semidwarf wheat and rice與hybrid sorghum and corn應(yīng)視作兩小項(xiàng),不可分為四項(xiàng),semidwarf既修飾wheat也修飾rice;hybrid同時(shí)修飾sorghum與corn。
5.分不清this/these/that/those等是指示代詞還是限定詞。作指示代詞可以代替名詞單獨(dú)使用,而作限定詞時(shí),它們修飾名詞,不能單獨(dú)使用。例如:
⑧If his savings,pension,and social security are substantial,he can engage in charitable or religious activities.But the self-reliant American finds these poor substitutes for those social and business activities which once occupied his time and energies.
these是指示代詞,代替上文中的 charitable or religious activities而充當(dāng) finds的賓語(yǔ),poor substitutes是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ),意思是說(shuō):發(fā)現(xiàn)慈善、宗教活動(dòng)不能取代原來(lái)從事的社交、商業(yè)活動(dòng)。若把 these看作限定詞,則these poor substitutes成了一個(gè)意群,語(yǔ)意大相徑庭。
6.英語(yǔ)句子中那些從邏輯上講應(yīng)該接續(xù)的成分被分隔時(shí),如果不能確定被分割的成分,也就不能正確讀懂意群。例如:
⑨ The prisoners are overcrowded, with many cells intended for one man occupied by three.
這句中的關(guān)鍵是要注意with短語(yǔ)中的分隔,即with所帶的賓語(yǔ)m any cells與賓補(bǔ)occupied之間被充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)intended for one man隔開,其意群的劃分應(yīng)該是with many cells/intended for one man/occupied by three,整個(gè)句子的意思是:監(jiān)獄現(xiàn)在過(guò)度擁擠,許多原來(lái)關(guān)一個(gè)人的單身牢房現(xiàn)在關(guān)三個(gè)人。
對(duì)于篇幅較大,長(zhǎng)句較多的閱讀文章來(lái)說(shuō),弄懂意群至關(guān)重要。因此,在平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)中,要注意在從句的分析、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析、詞語(yǔ)的搭配及句子的邏輯關(guān)系等方面多下功夫,這樣才能提高閱讀能力,爭(zhēng)取六級(jí)考試得高分。
在歷年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試中,閱讀理解題所占的分值比較高,考生在此題中丟分也比較多,是試題難度大嗎?考生回答不是,但又普遍反映說(shuō)文章中幾乎沒有生詞,可有些句子就是弄不明白其意思,影響了對(duì)答案的正確選擇而導(dǎo)致失分。究其根源,是考生未能把握好意群在英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的運(yùn)用?,F(xiàn)將在閱讀理解中有關(guān)意群方面存在的問題歸納如下,以供參閱。
1?當(dāng)出現(xiàn)復(fù)合句時(shí),特別是定語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句,若定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞或賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞that被省略,考生常常會(huì)打亂意群,讀起來(lái)不得要領(lǐng)。例如:
?、?The crafts people buy include things to decorate their homes,clothes for their children and gifts for their friends,holidays,weddings or special occasions.
people buy是定語(yǔ)從句,限制the crafts,如果將The crafts people看作一個(gè)意群,則后面的buy include things便沒法理解了。
?、?He must capture the horse.He knew better man than he had tried.
此例第二句中的knew后省略了that,better m an than he屬于一個(gè)意群,是這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ),若把he knew better放在一起讀,下文就讀不通了。
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing形式與-ed形式引起的麻煩。例如:
?、?Assembly will have limited self- governing powers,British say it could be as long as 30 years before the North might be in charge of its own affairs.
這里will have不與 limited一起構(gòu)成將來(lái)完成時(shí),will have后應(yīng)稍有停頓,lim ited用作形容詞,作前置定語(yǔ),修飾self-governing powers,它們構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,是 有限的自治權(quán) 的意思。
?、?For those who prefer reading the evening newspaper offers the reader the possibility of reading the news others see and hear on TV.
本句中,reading出現(xiàn)兩次,第一個(gè)reading是名詞化的動(dòng)名詞,不能直接帶賓語(yǔ),后面應(yīng)有停頓,the evening newspaper不是 reading的賓語(yǔ),它屬于下一個(gè)意群,是句子的主語(yǔ);第二個(gè)reading是動(dòng)詞的-ing形式, the news是它的賓語(yǔ)。
3.分不清句中詞的搭配關(guān)系。例如:
⑤A few bloodhounds and threats cleared the village of all the Indian inhabitants.
此句中的of不表示所有關(guān)系,因此不與village構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,它與cleared搭配,cleared...of...是 從 清除 的意思。
⑥The petition asked that during June,July,and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch.
be changed以下部分的意群容易搞錯(cuò),考生正在這里兜圈子,他們的視線停留在be changed from 8to 5,于是看不懂下文了。應(yīng)該說(shuō)from與句中的第二個(gè)to搭配,from后的8 to 5with an hour off for lunch是一個(gè)意群。第二個(gè)to后面7 to 3:30with a half-hour for lunch是另一個(gè)意群。這樣讀意思就理解了:要求作息時(shí)間從原來(lái)的上午8點(diǎn)至下午5點(diǎn),中間留一個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐改為上午7點(diǎn)至下午3點(diǎn)30分,中間留半個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐。
4.分不清and所連接的成分在層次上的差別。例如:
⑦Among the factors responsible for the higher crop yields per acre are the widespread use of m achinery for power,the development of better fertilizers,the breeding of better varieties,particularly semidwarf wheat and rice and hybrid sorghum and corn,and the more efficient use of irrigation.
例句中連用了四個(gè)and,第四個(gè)and連接的部分是第一層次,在particularly...corn這部分中,第二個(gè)and連接的是第二層次,第一個(gè)與第三個(gè)and連接的是第三層次,semidwarf wheat and rice與hybrid sorghum and corn應(yīng)視作兩小項(xiàng),不可分為四項(xiàng),semidwarf既修飾wheat也修飾rice;hybrid同時(shí)修飾sorghum與corn。
5.分不清this/these/that/those等是指示代詞還是限定詞。作指示代詞可以代替名詞單獨(dú)使用,而作限定詞時(shí),它們修飾名詞,不能單獨(dú)使用。例如:
?、郔f his savings,pension,and social security are substantial,he can engage in charitable or religious activities.But the self-reliant American finds these poor substitutes for those social and business activities which once occupied his time and energies.
these是指示代詞,代替上文中的 charitable or religious activities而充當(dāng) finds的賓語(yǔ),poor substitutes是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ),意思是說(shuō):發(fā)現(xiàn)慈善、宗教活動(dòng)不能取代原來(lái)從事的社交、商業(yè)活動(dòng)。若把 these看作限定詞,則these poor substitutes成了一個(gè)意群,語(yǔ)意大相徑庭。
6.英語(yǔ)句子中那些從邏輯上講應(yīng)該接續(xù)的成分被分隔時(shí),如果不能確定被分割的成分,也就不能正確讀懂意群。例如:
?、?The prisoners are overcrowded, with many cells intended for one man occupied by three.
這句中的關(guān)鍵是要注意with短語(yǔ)中的分隔,即with所帶的賓語(yǔ)m any cells與賓補(bǔ)occupied之間被充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)intended for one man隔開,其意群的劃分應(yīng)該是with many cells/intended for one man/occupied by three,整個(gè)句子的意思是:監(jiān)獄現(xiàn)在過(guò)度擁擠,許多原來(lái)關(guān)一個(gè)人的單身牢房現(xiàn)在關(guān)三個(gè)人。
對(duì)于篇幅較大,長(zhǎng)句較多的閱讀文章來(lái)說(shuō),弄懂意群至關(guān)重要。因此,在平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)中,要注意在從句的分析、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析、詞語(yǔ)的搭配及句子的邏輯關(guān)系等方面多下功夫,這樣才能提高閱讀能力,爭(zhēng)取六級(jí)考試得高分。