英語(yǔ)作為一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的演變的過(guò)程

　　When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, h

　　When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. 『At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans.』① At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.

　　As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon was a language of many inflections. Modern English has few inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. 『The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.』②

　　1.In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to .

　　A. attempt to continue the standardization of the language

　　B. evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patterns

　　C. be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or history

　　D. be more aware of the rules of the language usage

　　2.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word inflection used in line 4 of paragraph 2.

　　A. Changes in the forms of words.

　　B. Changes in sentence structures.

　　C. Changes in spelling rules.

　　D. Words that have similar meanings.

　　3.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage? A. It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modern English language.

　　B. Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development.

　　C. The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.

　　D. Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language.

　　4. The author of these paragraphs is probably a .

　　A. historian B. philosopher C. anthropologist D. linguist

　　5.Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage? A. The history of the English language.

　　B. Our changing attitude towards the English language.

　　C. Our changing language.

　　D. Some characteristics of modern English.

　　Vocabulary

　　1. span n. 跨度，范圍，一段時(shí)間，期間

　　2. imperceptible adj. 感覺(jué)不到的，覺(jué)察不到的，極細(xì)微的

　　3. organism n. 生物體，有機(jī)體

　　4. possession n. 擁有，占有，領(lǐng)土，領(lǐng)地

　　5. ignorant adj. 無(wú)知的 6. folk n. 人們，民族

　　7. permanence n. 永久，持久

　　8. Anglo-Saxons n. 盎格魯 撒克遜語(yǔ)，盎格魯 撒克遜人，地道的 英國(guó)人

　　9. reversal n. 顛倒，反向，逆轉(zhuǎn) 10. inflection n. 詞尾變化

　　11. preposition n. 前置詞，介詞

　　12. conjunction n. 聯(lián)合，關(guān)聯(lián)，連接詞

　　13. in terms of 根據(jù)，按照，用 的話(huà)，在 方面

　　長(zhǎng)難句解析

　　①【解析】 who 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 the common, ignorant folk 。 much as 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。 kitchen pots and pans 意為 鍋碗瓢盆 。 【譯文】一方面它是那些普通人甚至無(wú)知民眾的財(cái)產(chǎn)，他們每天都像使喚他們的牲畜和鍋碗瓢盆一樣用著語(yǔ)言。

　　②【解析】 此句為一個(gè)復(fù)合倒裝句。 until 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)并列句，前一句的主語(yǔ)是 a tendency ， to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew 作 tendency 的定語(yǔ)，第二句的主語(yǔ)也是 a tendency ，

　　to 后面的句子作 tendency 的定語(yǔ)， in which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾 ways 。 【譯文】例如在18世紀(jì)一種產(chǎn)生于各種來(lái)源的趨勢(shì)把語(yǔ)言固定在一個(gè)不常使用和不利于語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的模式中，而到了當(dāng)今，主流是要反復(fù)研究、評(píng)價(jià)人們說(shuō)話(huà)、寫(xiě)作中的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐。

　　答案與詳解

　　【短文大意】本文主要講述英語(yǔ)演變過(guò)程的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的不同，以及語(yǔ)言學(xué)家對(duì)待語(yǔ)言形式的態(tài)度的變化。

　　1.B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干回原文中定位，閱讀文章時(shí)注意首末段及各段開(kāi)頭的句子，這往往都是考點(diǎn)所在。這篇文章講的主要是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言演變的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的不同，以及語(yǔ)言學(xué)家態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。本題問(wèn)的正是現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家與早期語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不同的傾向。根據(jù)文章末尾The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write. 現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家傾向于根據(jù)人們說(shuō)和寫(xiě)的方式評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐，而不是像早期的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家根據(jù)一定的模式評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)言。選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。

　　2.A詞匯題。要根據(jù)上下文的信息判斷單詞的意思。文章在第二段中間再次提到inflection時(shí)說(shuō)，A few inflections, however, have survived. 后面文章又舉了WHO/WHOM和ME/I為例說(shuō)明inflection，這是一篇關(guān)于語(yǔ)言學(xué)的文章，從例子可以看出inflection的意思應(yīng)該是 單詞的變形 ，選項(xiàng)A正確。

　　3.A細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)A 普遍認(rèn)為1500年是現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的起點(diǎn) 在文章中沒(méi)有提及，故為正確答案。文章第二句說(shuō)The history of our language has always been a history of constant change - at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. 我們語(yǔ)言的歷史是一個(gè)不斷變化的歷史 在一些時(shí)間里緩慢得幾乎難以察覺(jué)，在另一些時(shí)間里則是兩種語(yǔ)言的激烈碰撞。由此可以推斷一些其他的語(yǔ)言對(duì)英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展有重大影響，選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。

　　4.D詞匯題。此題考查考生的推測(cè)能力和詞匯量，文章講述的是英國(guó)語(yǔ)言演進(jìn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)，最適當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢笐?yīng)該是D。作者很可能是一位語(yǔ)言學(xué)家。A答案和C答案也可以有點(diǎn)迷惑性。B答案是最不符合的。

　　5.C主旨題。本文從各個(gè)方面談及英語(yǔ)作為一種語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展變化，但并不是講述英語(yǔ)的歷史。所以選項(xiàng)A不對(duì)，選項(xiàng)C作為文章的題目最為貼切。選項(xiàng)B只是文章闡述的一個(gè)方面，不夠全面。文章是在談到英語(yǔ)的不斷變化的時(shí)候談到了現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的一些特點(diǎn)，所以選項(xiàng)D也失之于片面。

　　When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, h

　　When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. 『At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans.』① At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.

　　As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon was a language of many inflections. Modern English has few inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. 『The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.』②

　　1.In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to .

　　A. attempt to continue the standardization of the language

　　B. evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patterns

　　C. be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or history

　　D. be more aware of the rules of the language usage

　　2.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word inflection used in line 4 of paragraph 2.

　　A. Changes in the forms of words.

　　B. Changes in sentence structures.

　　C. Changes in spelling rules.

　　D. Words that have similar meanings.

　　3.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage? A. It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modern English language.

　　B. Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development.

　　C. The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.

　　D. Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language.

　　4. The author of these paragraphs is probably a .

　　A. historian B. philosopher C. anthropologist D. linguist

　　5.Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage? A. The history of the English language.

　　B. Our changing attitude towards the English language.

　　C. Our changing language.

　　D. Some characteristics of modern English.

　　Vocabulary

　　1. span n. 跨度，范圍，一段時(shí)間，期間

　　2. imperceptible adj. 感覺(jué)不到的，覺(jué)察不到的，極細(xì)微的

　　3. organism n. 生物體，有機(jī)體

　　4. possession n. 擁有，占有，領(lǐng)土，領(lǐng)地

　　5. ignorant adj. 無(wú)知的 6. folk n. 人們，民族

　　7. permanence n. 永久，持久

　　8. Anglo-Saxons n. 盎格魯 撒克遜語(yǔ)，盎格魯 撒克遜人，地道的 英國(guó)人

　　9. reversal n. 顛倒，反向，逆轉(zhuǎn) 10. inflection n. 詞尾變化

　　11. preposition n. 前置詞，介詞

　　12. conjunction n. 聯(lián)合，關(guān)聯(lián)，連接詞

　　13. in terms of 根據(jù)，按照，用 的話(huà)，在 方面

　　長(zhǎng)難句解析

　　①【解析】 who 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 the common, ignorant folk 。 much as 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。 kitchen pots and pans 意為 鍋碗瓢盆 。 【譯文】一方面它是那些普通人甚至無(wú)知民眾的財(cái)產(chǎn)，他們每天都像使喚他們的牲畜和鍋碗瓢盆一樣用著語(yǔ)言。

　　②【解析】 此句為一個(gè)復(fù)合倒裝句。 until 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)并列句，前一句的主語(yǔ)是 a tendency ， to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew 作 tendency 的定語(yǔ)，第二句的主語(yǔ)也是 a tendency ，

　　to 后面的句子作 tendency 的定語(yǔ)， in which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾 ways 。 【譯文】例如在18世紀(jì)一種產(chǎn)生于各種來(lái)源的趨勢(shì)把語(yǔ)言固定在一個(gè)不常使用和不利于語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的模式中，而到了當(dāng)今，主流是要反復(fù)研究、評(píng)價(jià)人們說(shuō)話(huà)、寫(xiě)作中的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐。

　　答案與詳解

　　【短文大意】本文主要講述英語(yǔ)演變過(guò)程的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的不同，以及語(yǔ)言學(xué)家對(duì)待語(yǔ)言形式的態(tài)度的變化。

　　1.B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干回原文中定位，閱讀文章時(shí)注意首末段及各段開(kāi)頭的句子，這往往都是考點(diǎn)所在。這篇文章講的主要是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言演變的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的不同，以及語(yǔ)言學(xué)家態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。本題問(wèn)的正是現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家與早期語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不同的傾向。根據(jù)文章末尾The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write. 現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家傾向于根據(jù)人們說(shuō)和寫(xiě)的方式評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐，而不是像早期的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家根據(jù)一定的模式評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)言。選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。

　　2.A詞匯題。要根據(jù)上下文的信息判斷單詞的意思。文章在第二段中間再次提到inflection時(shí)說(shuō)，A few inflections, however, have survived. 后面文章又舉了WHO/WHOM和ME/I為例說(shuō)明inflection，這是一篇關(guān)于語(yǔ)言學(xué)的文章，從例子可以看出inflection的意思應(yīng)該是 單詞的變形 ，選項(xiàng)A正確。

　　3.A細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)A 普遍認(rèn)為1500年是現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的起點(diǎn) 在文章中沒(méi)有提及，故為正確答案。文章第二句說(shuō)The history of our language has always been a history of constant change - at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. 我們語(yǔ)言的歷史是一個(gè)不斷變化的歷史 在一些時(shí)間里緩慢得幾乎難以察覺(jué)，在另一些時(shí)間里則是兩種語(yǔ)言的激烈碰撞。由此可以推斷一些其他的語(yǔ)言對(duì)英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展有重大影響，選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。

　　4.D詞匯題。此題考查考生的推測(cè)能力和詞匯量，文章講述的是英國(guó)語(yǔ)言演進(jìn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)，最適當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢笐?yīng)該是D。作者很可能是一位語(yǔ)言學(xué)家。A答案和C答案也可以有點(diǎn)迷惑性。B答案是最不符合的。

　　5.C主旨題。本文從各個(gè)方面談及英語(yǔ)作為一種語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展變化，但并不是講述英語(yǔ)的歷史。所以選項(xiàng)A不對(duì)，選項(xiàng)C作為文章的題目最為貼切。選項(xiàng)B只是文章闡述的一個(gè)方面，不夠全面。文章是在談到英語(yǔ)的不斷變化的時(shí)候談到了現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的一些特點(diǎn)，所以選項(xiàng)D也失之于片面。