永垂不朽的品質(zhì):智識(shí)的美德
We all know what makes for good character in soldiers. Weve seen the movies about heroes who display courage, loyalty and coolness under fire. But what about somebody who sits in front of a keyboard all day? Is it possible to display and cultivate character if you are just an information age office jockey, alone with a memo or your computer?我們都知道，對(duì)士兵而言，何為優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的要義。我們看過(guò)的一些電影所刻畫(huà)的英雄人物，在炮火中表現(xiàn)出了勇氣、忠誠(chéng)和冷靜。但對(duì)一天到晚坐在鍵盤前的人而言，答案又是什么呢？如果你僅僅是信息時(shí)代里的一個(gè)寫(xiě)字樓職員，成天與備忘錄或電腦相伴，那你還有機(jī)會(huì)展現(xiàn)和培養(yǎng)自己的品質(zhì)嗎？Of course it is. Even if you are alone in your office, you are thinking. Thinking well under a barrage of information may be a different sort of moral challenge than fighting well under a hail of bullets, but its a character challenge nonetheless.當(dāng)然可以。即便是獨(dú)自待在辦公室里，你也在思考。和在槍林彈雨下好好戰(zhàn)斗相比，面對(duì)大量信息時(shí)好好思考可能是一種截然不同的道德挑戰(zhàn)，但它仍然不失為對(duì)品性的一種挑戰(zhàn)。
In their 2007 book, Intellectual Virtues, Robert C. Roberts of Baylor University and W. Jay Wood of Wheaton College list some of the cerebral virtues. We can all grade ourselves on how good we are at each of them.貝勒大學(xué)(Baylor University)的羅伯特·C·羅伯茨(Robert C. Roberts)和威頓學(xué)院(Wheaton College)的W·杰伊·伍德(W. Jay Wood)在2007年出版的《智識(shí)美德》(Intellectual Virtues)一書(shū)中，列出了一些智識(shí)上的美德。我們可以逐項(xiàng)給自己打分，看看自己做得怎么樣。First, there is love of learning. Some people are just more ardently curious than others, either by cultivation or by nature.第一條是愛(ài)學(xué)習(xí)。后天養(yǎng)成的也好，天生的也罷，有些人就是比另外一些人具有更強(qiáng)烈的好奇心。Second, there is courage. The obvious form of intellectual courage is the willingness to hold unpopular views. But the subtler form is knowing how much risk to take in jumping to conclusions. The reckless thinker takes a few pieces of information and leaps to some faraway conspiracy theory. The perfectionist, on the other hand, is unwilling to put anything out there except under ideal conditions for fear that she could be wrong. Intellectual courage is self-regulation, Roberts and Wood argue, knowing when to be daring and when to be cautious. The philosopher Thomas Kuhn pointed out that scientists often simply ignore facts that dont fit with their existing paradigms, but an intellectually courageous person is willing to look at things that are surprisingly hard to look at.第二條是勇氣。智識(shí)的勇氣有一種明顯的表現(xiàn)形式，即樂(lè)于持有不受歡迎的觀點(diǎn)。但它還有一種更微妙的表現(xiàn)形式，那就是知道急于下結(jié)論會(huì)帶來(lái)多大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。莽撞的思考者會(huì)擷取少量信息，迅速推導(dǎo)出虛無(wú)縹緲的陰謀論。完美主義者則與此相反，如果條件不完備，她是不愿意下任何定論的，因?yàn)閾?dān)心自己可能出錯(cuò)。羅伯茨和伍德說(shuō)，智識(shí)的勇氣是一種自律，知道在什么時(shí)候該大膽、在什么時(shí)候該謹(jǐn)慎。哲學(xué)家托馬斯·庫(kù)恩曾指出，科學(xué)家們常常簡(jiǎn)單粗暴地忽略掉跟既有范式不相符的事實(shí)；但一個(gè)人如果具有智識(shí)的勇氣，會(huì)樂(lè)于去研究那些異常難于接受的事情。Third, there is firmness. You dont want to be a person who surrenders his beliefs at the slightest whiff of opposition. On the other hand, you dont want to hold dogmatically to a belief against all evidence. The median point between flaccidity and rigidity is the virtue of firmness. The firm believer can build a steady worldview on solid timbers but still delight in new information. She can gracefully adjust the strength of her conviction to the strength of the evidence. Firmness is a quality of mental agility.第三條是堅(jiān)定。你肯定不想做一個(gè)聽(tīng)到些許反對(duì)的聲音就放棄自己觀點(diǎn)的人。另一方面，你肯定也不愿罔顧所有證據(jù)，死抱著一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)不放。堅(jiān)定這一美德就存在于軟弱和頑固的中間點(diǎn)上。堅(jiān)定地持有某些觀念的人，可以用可靠的素材搭建起穩(wěn)固的世界觀，但仍然樂(lè)于接觸新信息。她能夠根據(jù)證據(jù)的力度，優(yōu)雅地調(diào)整自己對(duì)某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的相信程度。堅(jiān)定也是一種機(jī)敏。Fourth, there is humility, which is not letting your own desire for status get in the way of accuracy. The humble person fights against vanity and self-importance. Hes not writing those sentences people write to make themselves seem smart; hes not thinking of himself much at all. The humble researcher doesnt become arrogant toward his subject, assuming he has mastered it. Such a person is open to learning from anyone at any stage in life.第四條是謙遜，有了它，你就不會(huì)讓對(duì)地位的渴望妨礙自己做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。謙遜的人會(huì)與虛榮和自大做斗爭(zhēng)。他的筆下不會(huì)出現(xiàn)人們常寫(xiě)的那些讓自己看起來(lái)很聰明的句子；他根本不是自視甚高的人。謙遜的研究人員不會(huì)在其研究領(lǐng)域妄自尊大，想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為自己精通一切。無(wú)論處于人生的哪個(gè)階段，這樣的人都愿意向他人學(xué)習(xí)。Fifth, there is autonomy. You dont want to be a person who slavishly adopts whatever opinion your teacher or some author gives you. On the other hand, you dont want to reject all guidance from people who know what they are talking about. Autonomy is the median of knowing when to bow to authority and when not to, when to follow a role model and when not to, when to adhere to tradition and when not to.第五條是自主。你肯定不想盲從于導(dǎo)師或哪個(gè)作家表達(dá)的任何觀點(diǎn)。另一當(dāng)方面，你肯定也不愿將那些內(nèi)行人士的所有指導(dǎo)拒之門外。自主的美德在于，知道在什么時(shí)候該服從權(quán)威，什么時(shí)候該堅(jiān)持己見(jiàn)；什么時(shí)候該向榜樣學(xué)習(xí)，什么時(shí)候該擺脫榜樣；什么時(shí)候該遵循傳統(tǒng)，什么時(shí)候該予以摒棄。Finally, there is generosity. This virtue starts with the willingness to share knowledge and give others credit. But it also means hearing others as they would like to be heard, looking for what each person has to teach and not looking to triumphantly pounce upon their errors.最后一條是慷慨。這種美德的起點(diǎn)是愿意分享知識(shí)，并給予他人應(yīng)有的承認(rèn)。不過(guò)，慷慨也意味著，在別人希望發(fā)出聲音時(shí)予以傾聽(tīng)，尋找每個(gè)人能為人師表之處，不去洋洋自得地在他人身上糾錯(cuò)。We all probably excel at some of these virtues and are deficient in others. But Im struck by how much of the mainstream literature on decision-making treats the mind as some disembodied organ that can be programed like a computer.在這些美德中，我們可能都是在某些方面出色，在另一些方面有所欠缺。但讓我感觸的是，居然有那么多關(guān)于制定決策方面的主流文章將思想當(dāng)成某種脫離個(gè)人的東西，能像臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)那樣按編好的程序操作。In fact, the mind is embedded in human nature, and very often thinking well means pushing against the grain of our nature — against vanity, against laziness, against the desire for certainty, against the desire to avoid painful truths. Good thinking isnt just adopting the right technique. Its a moral enterprise and requires good character, the ability to go against our lesser impulses for the sake of our higher ones.實(shí)際上，思想蘊(yùn)含在人性之中，而在很多情況下，好好思考意味著戰(zhàn)勝我們的本性——抗擊虛榮、懶惰、對(duì)確定性的渴求、對(duì)避免痛苦事實(shí)的渴望。好的思維不僅僅是采用正確的技巧。它是一種道德勇氣，需要良好的品性，是克服低等沖動(dòng)來(lái)獲取更高尚目標(biāo)的能力。Montaigne once wrote that We can be knowledgeable with other mens knowledge, but we cant be wise with other mens wisdom. Thats because wisdom isnt a body of information. Its the moral quality of knowing how to handle your own limitations. Warren Buffett made a similar point in his own sphere, Investing is not a game where the guy with the 160 I.Q. beats the guy with the 130 I.Q. Once you have ordinary intelligence, what you need is the temperament to control the urges that get other people into trouble.蒙田曾寫(xiě)道，“即使我們可以憑借別人的知識(shí)成為學(xué)者，但要成為哲人，卻只能靠我們自己的智慧。”這是因?yàn)椋腔鄄⒎谴罅啃畔⒌暮?jiǎn)單集合。它是一種知曉如何應(yīng)對(duì)自身局限性的道德品質(zhì)。沃倫·巴菲特(Warren Buffett)曾在其領(lǐng)域中發(fā)表過(guò)類似的見(jiàn)解，“投資不是智商160的家伙打敗智商130的人。只要你智力正常，你只需要自己的性情能夠控制住讓別人陷入麻煩的沖動(dòng)。”Character tests are pervasive even in modern everyday life. Its possible to be heroic if youre just sitting alone in your office. It just doesnt make for a good movie.即便是在當(dāng)代日常生活中，對(duì)個(gè)人品質(zhì)的考驗(yàn)也無(wú)處不在。就算你只是獨(dú)自坐在辦公室里，也可能成為英雄。只不過(guò)，這拍不成一部勁爆的電影。
