雅思閱讀解題技巧：段落標題配對題
通常在解答雅思閱讀中段落標題配對這種題型時,很多考生習慣于機械地通過閱讀各個段落的首句,第二句或者最后一句來尋找各個段落的主題句，即該段中歸納概括段落大意或中心思想的句子。然而，在全面分析完劍橋雅思全真試題集1-6中所有收錄的段落標題配對題后，筆者發現，絕大部分此類題的正確答案確實可以通過確定主題句獲得，但有些段落安排以及正確選項的歸納并沒有考生期待得那么簡單。粗略歸納一下，大致有以下幾個特殊性。本文將從這些特殊段落的特點出發，舉實例來具體分析其應對策略。
特點1：段落內容均為舉例
策略：略讀舉例內容，大致了解舉例目的，并將其與選項進行對照，與舉例目的表達相同觀點的選項即為正解。
例：The Dutch are not the only would-be moles. Growing numbers of Europeans are burrowing below ground to create houses, offices, discos and shopping malls in winter months in Montreal, Canada, for instance, citizens can escape the cold in an underground complex compete with shops and even health clinics. In Tokyo builders are planning a massive underground city to be begun in the next decade, and underground shopping malls are already common in Japan
分析：很明顯，此段沒有所謂的主題句，而是以Europe, Canada 以及Tokyo為例.在快速看完舉例部分后，我們不難總結出，舉例的目的是要說明世界各地正著手開發包括地下城市，地下診所，地下舞廳和地下購物中心在內的多樣化地下服務設施.而這一觀點正好跟選項Developing underground services around the world 相吻合。
特點2：段落本身有主題句，但正確選項并未根據主題句歸納
策略：繼續讀主題句后面部分的內容，即擴展句部分，正確選項往往就是對擴展句具體涉及內容的概括。
例： There are big advantages, too, when it comes to private homes. A development of 194 houses which would take up 14 hectares of land above ground would occupy 2.7 hectares below it, while the number of roads would be halved An underground dweller himself, Carpenter has never paid a heating bill
分析：不難看出，劃線的句子作為本段的首句，具有概括性，實為主題句。如果正確選項是依據此句來歸納的話，那理應包含advantages 或是同樣表示優勢、優點、長處的其它詞。可事實是，所給選項中沒有一項涉及此類詞。單純找主題句看來對于這個段落已不適用。繼續往后讀，我們發現，后面部分其實是對地下住宅所具備的優點的進一步舉例解釋。列舉數字無非是要說明地下住宅節省土地和空間;而以Carpenter這個地下住宅居住者為例，就是要說明這種住宅既省錢又節能。由此，答案鎖定為Demands on space and energy are reduced.
特點3：段落中涉及多個觀點內容
策略：正確答案常常依據段落中所占篇幅較多或作者要強調的觀點來歸納
例：Building big commercial buildings underground can be a way to avoid distinguishing or threatening a beautiful or environmentally sensitive landscape. Indeed many of the buildings which consume most land - such as cinemas, supermarkets, theatres, warehouses or libraries - have no need to be on the surface since they do not need windows.
分析：此段總共包含兩個句子，但各句表明不同的觀點。前者認為修建大型地下建筑可以避免破壞城市風景，而后者則強調很多建筑因為不需要窗戶可以被建在地下。Indeed的出現，正好表明本段的重心是要突出強調后者觀點，即有些建筑不需要窗戶。所以毫無疑問地選擇 Some buildings do not require natural light。
特點4：比較關系出現在句中
策略：忽略作為參照物的前者，后者才是作者真正要說明的觀點
例： Working Germans are particularly vulnerable, with a 33 percent higher risk at the beginning of the working week. Non-workers, by comparison, appear to be no more at risk on a Monday than any other day.
分析：此段兩句以by comparison 銜接，同時也體現了前后兩者的比較關系。以working Germans 作為參照物，本段真正的目的在于表明后者，即那些失業人員在星期一患心臟病的機率并不比其它任何一天高。所以正確答案為Jobless but safer。
特點5：轉折、讓步關系出現在句中
策略：忽略讓步狀語從句內容，重點關注轉折部分，即but 或however等表示轉折關系的連接詞后面的內容。
例： The risk of having a heart attack on any given day should be one in seven, but a six-year study coordinated by researchers at the Free University of Berlin of more tan 2,600 Germans revealed that the average person had a 20 percent higher chance of having a heart attack on a Monday than on any other day.
分析：but的出現引導我們關注其后面所要表明的內容。又因為段落標題配對是對段落大意的概括，所以在理解轉折部分的內容時，我們只需要把握住句子的主干就可以了。由此，根據主干a study revealed that the average person had a 20 percent higher chance of having a heart attack on a Monday than on any other day 研究顯示普通人在星期一患心臟病的比率比其它任何一天高出百分之二十, 我們選擇選項 High-risk Monday。
特點6：表達相同含義的詞或短語相繼出現在段落各句中
策略： 尋找含有高頻詞匯的選項
例： If we are to believe the forecasts, it is predicted that two-thirds of the world population will be without fresh water by 2025While some areas are devastated by flooding, scarcity of water in many other places is causing conflicts. The state of Texas in the United States of America is suffering a shortage of water there is now talk of water being the new oil.
分析：本段各句中都涉及水資源的短缺，相關詞匯分別為：without fresh water, scarcity of water, a shortage of water 以及 water being the new oil。根據詞義對應選項，得出正解為 shortage of water。
總之，在應對段落標題配對題時，我們不能一味單純地從尋找主題句出發，只有熟悉其可能出現的各種特殊情況，在策略上做出相對應的調整，我們才有可能靈活自如地提高正確率。
通常在解答雅思閱讀中段落標題配對這種題型時,很多考生習慣于機械地通過閱讀各個段落的首句,第二句或者最后一句來尋找各個段落的主題句，即該段中歸納概括段落大意或中心思想的句子。然而，在全面分析完劍橋雅思全真試題集1-6中所有收錄的段落標題配對題后，筆者發現，絕大部分此類題的正確答案確實可以通過確定主題句獲得，但有些段落安排以及正確選項的歸納并沒有考生期待得那么簡單。粗略歸納一下，大致有以下幾個特殊性。本文將從這些特殊段落的特點出發，舉實例來具體分析其應對策略。
特點1：段落內容均為舉例
策略：略讀舉例內容，大致了解舉例目的，并將其與選項進行對照，與舉例目的表達相同觀點的選項即為正解。
例：The Dutch are not the only would-be moles. Growing numbers of Europeans are burrowing below ground to create houses, offices, discos and shopping malls in winter months in Montreal, Canada, for instance, citizens can escape the cold in an underground complex compete with shops and even health clinics. In Tokyo builders are planning a massive underground city to be begun in the next decade, and underground shopping malls are already common in Japan
分析：很明顯，此段沒有所謂的主題句，而是以Europe, Canada 以及Tokyo為例.在快速看完舉例部分后，我們不難總結出，舉例的目的是要說明世界各地正著手開發包括地下城市，地下診所，地下舞廳和地下購物中心在內的多樣化地下服務設施.而這一觀點正好跟選項Developing underground services around the world 相吻合。
特點2：段落本身有主題句，但正確選項并未根據主題句歸納
策略：繼續讀主題句后面部分的內容，即擴展句部分，正確選項往往就是對擴展句具體涉及內容的概括。
例： There are big advantages, too, when it comes to private homes. A development of 194 houses which would take up 14 hectares of land above ground would occupy 2.7 hectares below it, while the number of roads would be halved An underground dweller himself, Carpenter has never paid a heating bill
分析：不難看出，劃線的句子作為本段的首句，具有概括性，實為主題句。如果正確選項是依據此句來歸納的話，那理應包含advantages 或是同樣表示優勢、優點、長處的其它詞。可事實是，所給選項中沒有一項涉及此類詞。單純找主題句看來對于這個段落已不適用。繼續往后讀，我們發現，后面部分其實是對地下住宅所具備的優點的進一步舉例解釋。列舉數字無非是要說明地下住宅節省土地和空間;而以Carpenter這個地下住宅居住者為例，就是要說明這種住宅既省錢又節能。由此，答案鎖定為Demands on space and energy are reduced.
特點3：段落中涉及多個觀點內容
策略：正確答案常常依據段落中所占篇幅較多或作者要強調的觀點來歸納
例：Building big commercial buildings underground can be a way to avoid distinguishing or threatening a beautiful or environmentally sensitive landscape. Indeed many of the buildings which consume most land - such as cinemas, supermarkets, theatres, warehouses or libraries - have no need to be on the surface since they do not need windows.
分析：此段總共包含兩個句子，但各句表明不同的觀點。前者認為修建大型地下建筑可以避免破壞城市風景，而后者則強調很多建筑因為不需要窗戶可以被建在地下。Indeed的出現，正好表明本段的重心是要突出強調后者觀點，即有些建筑不需要窗戶。所以毫無疑問地選擇 Some buildings do not require natural light。
特點4：比較關系出現在句中
策略：忽略作為參照物的前者，后者才是作者真正要說明的觀點
例： Working Germans are particularly vulnerable, with a 33 percent higher risk at the beginning of the working week. Non-workers, by comparison, appear to be no more at risk on a Monday than any other day.
分析：此段兩句以by comparison 銜接，同時也體現了前后兩者的比較關系。以working Germans 作為參照物，本段真正的目的在于表明后者，即那些失業人員在星期一患心臟病的機率并不比其它任何一天高。所以正確答案為Jobless but safer。
特點5：轉折、讓步關系出現在句中
策略：忽略讓步狀語從句內容，重點關注轉折部分，即but 或however等表示轉折關系的連接詞后面的內容。
例： The risk of having a heart attack on any given day should be one in seven, but a six-year study coordinated by researchers at the Free University of Berlin of more tan 2,600 Germans revealed that the average person had a 20 percent higher chance of having a heart attack on a Monday than on any other day.
分析：but的出現引導我們關注其后面所要表明的內容。又因為段落標題配對是對段落大意的概括，所以在理解轉折部分的內容時，我們只需要把握住句子的主干就可以了。由此，根據主干a study revealed that the average person had a 20 percent higher chance of having a heart attack on a Monday than on any other day 研究顯示普通人在星期一患心臟病的比率比其它任何一天高出百分之二十, 我們選擇選項 High-risk Monday。
特點6：表達相同含義的詞或短語相繼出現在段落各句中
策略： 尋找含有高頻詞匯的選項
例： If we are to believe the forecasts, it is predicted that two-thirds of the world population will be without fresh water by 2025While some areas are devastated by flooding, scarcity of water in many other places is causing conflicts. The state of Texas in the United States of America is suffering a shortage of water there is now talk of water being the new oil.
分析：本段各句中都涉及水資源的短缺，相關詞匯分別為：without fresh water, scarcity of water, a shortage of water 以及 water being the new oil。根據詞義對應選項，得出正解為 shortage of water。
總之，在應對段落標題配對題時，我們不能一味單純地從尋找主題句出發，只有熟悉其可能出現的各種特殊情況，在策略上做出相對應的調整，我們才有可能靈活自如地提高正確率。
