初中英語語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖1
初中英語語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖1
一.名詞
I. 名詞的種類:
專有名詞 普通名詞
國名.地名.人名,
團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞
個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞
II. 名詞的數(shù):
1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:
規(guī)則 例詞
1 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外來詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):
英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:
規(guī)則 例詞
1 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff
5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7 表示某國人 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants
III. 名詞的所有格:
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加's構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。
1. 's所有格的構(gòu)成:
單數(shù)名詞在末尾加's the boy's father, Jack's book, her son-in-law's photo,
復(fù)數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加' the teachers' room, the twins' mother,
不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加's the children's toys, women's rights,
以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加's或者' Dickens' novels, Charles's job, the Smiths' house
表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加's Japan's and America's problems, Jane's and Mary's bikes
表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加's Japan and America's problems, Jane and Mary's father
表示某人家店鋪,所有格后名詞省略 the doctor's, the barber's, the tailor's, my uncle's
2. 's所有格的用法:
1 表示時間 today's newspaper, five weeks' holiday
2 表示自然現(xiàn)象 the earth's atmosphere, the tree's branches
3 表示國家城市等地方的名詞 the country's plan, the world's population, China's industry
4 表示工作群體 the ship's crew, majority's view, the team's victory
5 表示度量衡及價值 a mile's journey, five dollars' worth of apples
6 與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 the life's time, the play's plot
7 某些固定詞組 a bird's eye view, a stone's throw, at one's wit's end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法:
用于無生命的東西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時:the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名詞化的詞:the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an),定冠詞(the),和零冠詞。
I. 不定冠詞的用法:
1 指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.
2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.
3 表示每一相當(dāng)于every,one We study eight hours a day.
4 表示相同相當(dāng)于the same We are nearly of an age.
5 用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6 用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.
8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II. 定冠詞的用法:
1 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal.
2 用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3 表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事 Would you mind opening the door?
4 用于樂器前面 play the violin, play the guitar
5 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded
6 表示一家人或夫婦 the Greens, the Wangs
7 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前 He is the taller of the two children.
8 用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 The compass was invented in China.
10 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個年代 in the 1990's
11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour.
12 用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表示時間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder.
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初中英語語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖1
一.名詞
I. 名詞的種類:
專有名詞 普通名詞
國名.地名.人名,
團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞
個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞
II. 名詞的數(shù):
1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:
規(guī)則 例詞
1 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外來詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):
英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:
規(guī)則 例詞
1 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff
5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7 表示某國人 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants
III. 名詞的所有格:
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加's構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。
1. 's所有格的構(gòu)成:
單數(shù)名詞在末尾加's the boy's father, Jack's book, her son-in-law's photo,
復(fù)數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加' the teachers' room, the twins' mother,
不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加's the children's toys, women's rights,
以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加's或者' Dickens' novels, Charles's job, the Smiths' house
表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加's Japan's and America's problems, Jane's and Mary's bikes
表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加's Japan and America's problems, Jane and Mary's father
表示某人家店鋪,所有格后名詞省略 the doctor's, the barber's, the tailor's, my uncle's
2. 's所有格的用法:
1 表示時間 today's newspaper, five weeks' holiday
2 表示自然現(xiàn)象 the earth's atmosphere, the tree's branches
3 表示國家城市等地方的名詞 the country's plan, the world's population, China's industry
4 表示工作群體 the ship's crew, majority's view, the team's victory
5 表示度量衡及價值 a mile's journey, five dollars' worth of apples
6 與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 the life's time, the play's plot
7 某些固定詞組 a bird's eye view, a stone's throw, at one's wit's end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法:
用于無生命的東西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時:the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名詞化的詞:the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an),定冠詞(the),和零冠詞。
I. 不定冠詞的用法:
1 指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.
2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.
3 表示每一相當(dāng)于every,one We study eight hours a day.
4 表示相同相當(dāng)于the same We are nearly of an age.
5 用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6 用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.
8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II. 定冠詞的用法:
1 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal.
2 用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3 表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事 Would you mind opening the door?
4 用于樂器前面 play the violin, play the guitar
5 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded
6 表示一家人或夫婦 the Greens, the Wangs
7 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前 He is the taller of the two children.
8 用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 The compass was invented in China.
10 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個年代 in the 1990's
11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour.
12 用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表示時間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder.
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