高三英語語法和慣用法：當心虛擬語氣考點
◆考點綜述
在早幾年的高考英語考題中，虛擬語氣不是一個重要的考點2005年和2006年全國三十多套高考英語試題(其中2005年16套，2006年19套)直接考查了虛擬語氣的用法問題的只有三套題(即2005年的江蘇卷和2006年的湖北卷和福建卷)，而2007和2008年兩年全國近四十套(每年近二十套)高考英語試題中竟沒有一道題是直接考查虛擬語氣的。所以不少同學(包括部分老師)就認為高考不會再考查虛擬語氣了，并且在備考中也開始淡化對虛擬語氣的復習。但有趣的是，手持指揮棒的命題專家們好像覺察到了這一問題，他們于是在2009年開始恢復虛擬語氣這一考點(其中有福建、天津、安徽三省市的高考題直接考查了虛擬語氣)，并且在2010年的高考中，全國便有七個省市直接考查了虛擬語氣的用法這是近年來虛擬語氣考點覆蓋面最廣的。今年的高考對于虛擬語氣的考查是會從七個省市跳回到原來的三個省市，還是會在七個省市的基礎上再次擴大覆蓋面?我們無法肯定地預知，但鑒于2010年該考點如此來勢洶洶，再加上不少省市的高考聽力測試也往往借助虛擬語氣來設題，所以我們還是建議，你最好不要隨便放棄虛擬語氣這一考點!花半個小時讀讀本文，說不定你就完全掌握了!
一、考查虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法
虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法是其最基本的用法，也是高考最可能涉題的用法。為了便于理解和記憶，我們虛擬語氣在虛擬條件從中的用法分為三類涉及現在時間的虛擬條件，涉及過去時間的虛擬條件，涉及將來時間的虛擬條件。下面就是這三類基本句型的謂語動詞形式：
時間
從句謂語形式
主句謂語形式
將來
一般過去時(be用were)
would/should/might/could+動詞原形
現在
一般過去時(be用were)
would/should/might/could+動詞原形
過去
過去完成時
would/should/might/could have+過去分詞
【有關考題】(答案分別為CBD)
(1) If he _______ my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. (2010湖南卷)
A. followed B. should follow
C. had followed D. would follow
(1) If we _______ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. (2010陜西卷)
A. take B. had taken
C. took D. have taken
(1) John went to the hospital alone.
If he _______ me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010天津卷)
A. should tell B. tells
C. told D. had told
二、考查特殊句型中的虛擬語氣
英語中需要使用虛擬語氣的特殊句型不多，主要有以下類：
1. 倒裝類虛擬語氣
當虛擬條件句中含有were, should, had時，有時可將引導虛擬條件句的連詞if省略，而將從句中的were, should, had 提到句首，構成倒裝形式的虛擬語氣。如：
If he were here, she would agree too. Were she here, she would agree too. 如果她在這里，她也同意的。
If it should rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. Should it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. 假若明天下雨，我們只好推遲這場比賽。
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.Had we found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我們當時早點找到他的話，我們就可以救活他。
注意，如果條件從句的謂語為否定式，其中的否定詞not應置于主語之后，而不能與were, should, had 等縮略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。如：
我如不是警告了你，你就可能喪命了。
正：If I hadnt warned you, you could have been killed.
正：Had I not warned you, you could have been killed.
誤：Hadnt I warned you, you could have been killed.
另外，有時省略if后提前到句首的had可能不是助動詞，而是實義動詞。如：
Had I time, I would go with you. 假如我有時間，我就同你們一起去。
句中的had不是構成過去完成時的助動詞，而是表示有，如果不省略if，其完整形式為：If I had time, I would go with you.
【有關考題】(答案分別為AB)
(1) Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _______. (2010浙江卷)
A. would have been saved B. had been saved
C. will be saved D. was saved
(1) _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北卷)
A. Would you be B. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
2. 隱含類虛擬語氣
在某些特定的語境中，有時表示虛擬條件的從句可以不出現，而是隱含在句子中的某些短語中，比如隱含在不定式短語、分詞短語、介詞短語、名詞短語等之中。如：
I should be happy to go with you. 如果能與你一起去，我將很高興。
句中的不定式短語to go with you就是表示虛擬條件的，它相當于if I could go with you。這句話的言外之意是：可惜我不一定有機會同你一起去。
To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你學習更用功些，你早就考及格了。
句中的不定式短語to have studied harder也是表示虛擬條件的，它相當于if you had studied harder。句子的言外之意是：可惜你當時沒有更用功我，所以你就沒有考及格。
Failing this time, what would you do?假若這次失敗，那你怎么辦?
句中的分詞短語failing this time表示虛擬條件，相當于if you failed this time。其言外之意是：盡管失敗的可能性很小，但還是有可能會失敗，假若失敗了，那怎么辦?
Without your help, we couldnt have succeeded. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們就不會取得成功。
句中的介詞短語without your help表示虛擬條件，相當于if you hadnt given us help。其言外之意是：好在你幫助了我們，所以我們取得了成功。
I didnt know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 我不知道他是個騙子，不然我也不會相信他了。
句中的or else隱含著一個虛擬條件，它相當于if I had known he was a cheat。句子的言外之意是：當是我竟然相信了他。
【有關考題】(答案為D)
The weather has been very hot and dry.
Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables ________. (2010北京卷)
A. wouldnt die B. didnt die
C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died
◆考點綜述
在早幾年的高考英語考題中，虛擬語氣不是一個重要的考點2005年和2006年全國三十多套高考英語試題(其中2005年16套，2006年19套)直接考查了虛擬語氣的用法問題的只有三套題(即2005年的江蘇卷和2006年的湖北卷和福建卷)，而2007和2008年兩年全國近四十套(每年近二十套)高考英語試題中竟沒有一道題是直接考查虛擬語氣的。所以不少同學(包括部分老師)就認為高考不會再考查虛擬語氣了，并且在備考中也開始淡化對虛擬語氣的復習。但有趣的是，手持指揮棒的命題專家們好像覺察到了這一問題，他們于是在2009年開始恢復虛擬語氣這一考點(其中有福建、天津、安徽三省市的高考題直接考查了虛擬語氣)，并且在2010年的高考中，全國便有七個省市直接考查了虛擬語氣的用法這是近年來虛擬語氣考點覆蓋面最廣的。今年的高考對于虛擬語氣的考查是會從七個省市跳回到原來的三個省市，還是會在七個省市的基礎上再次擴大覆蓋面?我們無法肯定地預知，但鑒于2010年該考點如此來勢洶洶，再加上不少省市的高考聽力測試也往往借助虛擬語氣來設題，所以我們還是建議，你最好不要隨便放棄虛擬語氣這一考點!花半個小時讀讀本文，說不定你就完全掌握了!
一、考查虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法
虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法是其最基本的用法，也是高考最可能涉題的用法。為了便于理解和記憶，我們虛擬語氣在虛擬條件從中的用法分為三類涉及現在時間的虛擬條件，涉及過去時間的虛擬條件，涉及將來時間的虛擬條件。下面就是這三類基本句型的謂語動詞形式：
時間
從句謂語形式
主句謂語形式
將來
一般過去時(be用were)
would/should/might/could+動詞原形
現在
一般過去時(be用were)
would/should/might/could+動詞原形
過去
過去完成時
would/should/might/could have+過去分詞
【有關考題】(答案分別為CBD)
(1) If he _______ my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. (2010湖南卷)
A. followed B. should follow
C. had followed D. would follow
(1) If we _______ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. (2010陜西卷)
A. take B. had taken
C. took D. have taken
(1) John went to the hospital alone.
If he _______ me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010天津卷)
A. should tell B. tells
C. told D. had told
二、考查特殊句型中的虛擬語氣
英語中需要使用虛擬語氣的特殊句型不多，主要有以下類：
1. 倒裝類虛擬語氣
當虛擬條件句中含有were, should, had時，有時可將引導虛擬條件句的連詞if省略，而將從句中的were, should, had 提到句首，構成倒裝形式的虛擬語氣。如：
If he were here, she would agree too. Were she here, she would agree too. 如果她在這里，她也同意的。
If it should rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. Should it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. 假若明天下雨，我們只好推遲這場比賽。
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.Had we found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我們當時早點找到他的話，我們就可以救活他。
注意，如果條件從句的謂語為否定式，其中的否定詞not應置于主語之后，而不能與were, should, had 等縮略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。如：
我如不是警告了你，你就可能喪命了。
正：If I hadnt warned you, you could have been killed.
正：Had I not warned you, you could have been killed.
誤：Hadnt I warned you, you could have been killed.
另外，有時省略if后提前到句首的had可能不是助動詞，而是實義動詞。如：
Had I time, I would go with you. 假如我有時間，我就同你們一起去。
句中的had不是構成過去完成時的助動詞，而是表示有，如果不省略if，其完整形式為：If I had time, I would go with you.
【有關考題】(答案分別為AB)
(1) Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _______. (2010浙江卷)
A. would have been saved B. had been saved
C. will be saved D. was saved
(1) _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北卷)
A. Would you be B. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
2. 隱含類虛擬語氣
在某些特定的語境中，有時表示虛擬條件的從句可以不出現，而是隱含在句子中的某些短語中，比如隱含在不定式短語、分詞短語、介詞短語、名詞短語等之中。如：
I should be happy to go with you. 如果能與你一起去，我將很高興。
句中的不定式短語to go with you就是表示虛擬條件的，它相當于if I could go with you。這句話的言外之意是：可惜我不一定有機會同你一起去。
To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你學習更用功些，你早就考及格了。
句中的不定式短語to have studied harder也是表示虛擬條件的，它相當于if you had studied harder。句子的言外之意是：可惜你當時沒有更用功我，所以你就沒有考及格。
Failing this time, what would you do?假若這次失敗，那你怎么辦?
句中的分詞短語failing this time表示虛擬條件，相當于if you failed this time。其言外之意是：盡管失敗的可能性很小，但還是有可能會失敗，假若失敗了，那怎么辦?
Without your help, we couldnt have succeeded. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們就不會取得成功。
句中的介詞短語without your help表示虛擬條件，相當于if you hadnt given us help。其言外之意是：好在你幫助了我們，所以我們取得了成功。
I didnt know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 我不知道他是個騙子，不然我也不會相信他了。
句中的or else隱含著一個虛擬條件，它相當于if I had known he was a cheat。句子的言外之意是：當是我竟然相信了他。
【有關考題】(答案為D)
The weather has been very hot and dry.
Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables ________. (2010北京卷)
A. wouldnt die B. didnt die
C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died
