雅思閱讀材料：Barack Obama's speech on the Middle East

　　Barack Obamas speech on the Middle East

　　1967 and all that

　　BARACK OBAMA has spelled out his prescription for the partition of Palestine. The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines, he says, with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognised borders are established for both states.

　　That is not a departure from long-established American policy. The 1967 lines dividing Israel from the West Bank and from Gazaonce spurned by Israels Abba Eban as Auschwitz bordershave always implicitly been Washingtons point of departure for a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But now, for the first time, the four digits have become formal American policy. Middle East cognoscenti were speculating furiously ahead of the presidents speech at the State Department on Thursday over whether he would utter them or fudge.

　　Part of the speculation focused on Mr Obamas guest for lunch at the White House on Friday: Binyamin Netanyahu, Israels prime minister. He has never accepted the principle that the Palestinian state should get 100% of the land taken by Israel in 1967. The Israeli leader issued a tart response to the presidents speech before emplaning for Washington on Thursday night.

　　Beyond the mention of 1967 and other detailed specifics earnestly being parsed by the experts, Mr Obamas speech was striking in that it deliberately embraced and articulated the key contentions advanced by the Israeli peace camp, now in opposition to the Netanyahu government. The status quo is unsustainable The fact is, a growing number of Palestinians live west of the Jordan River, the president said, sounding the demographic warning that Israeli moderates frequently cite as compelling grounds to end the occupation. The dream of a Jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation.

　　Mr Obama said he spoke out of deep friendship and firm commitment to Israel. But precisely because of our friendship, it is important that we tell the truth.

　　Also significant beyond the specifics was the presidents decision to embed this renewed effort to spur the Israel-Palestine process forward in the broader context of the Arab spring. His speech surveyed the turbulent current events sweeping the region, country by country, and pledged that America would promote and support movements for reform. After decades of accepting the world as it is in the region, we have a chance to pursue the world as it should be.

　　He placed Israel-Palestine squarely within that context, implicitly rejecting Mr Netanyahus belief that the regional turmoil must dictate even more caution and conservatism on Israels part. There are those who argue that with all the change and uncertainty in the region, it is simply not possible to move forward, Mr Obama said. I disagree. At a time when the people of the Middle East and North Africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever.

　　Among the specifics that Mr Netanyahu will not have appreciated is the call for a full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces Mr Netanayu wants Israeli troops to stay deployed along the Jordan River indefinitely.

　　Mr Netanyahu in his response said it was all very well for Mr Obama to recognise Israel as the Jewish peoples homeland, but he wanted to hear it from the Palestinians.

　　He also wanted the president to rehearse the specific undertakings to Israel offered by George W Bush in 2004: that Israel would not be required to withdraw to the 1967 line, that the large settlement blocks would be annexed to Israel and that the Palestinian refugees would not return to the Jewish state.

　　Arguably, those positionswhich, ironically, Mr Netanyahu dismissed at the time, as they were pledged to his political foe, Ariel Sharonare enfolded within Mr Obamas reference to swaps. But the fact is that Mr Obama, whose every word was reportedly sweated over and fought over by his many Middle East advisers, forbore to spell them out.

　　The president had some strong medicine for the Palestinian side too. He spoke against their intention to seek a declaration of statehood at the UN General Assembly in September. Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September wont create an independent state, he declared. And he warned there would be no peace if Hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection. The recent reconciliation agreement between the Fatah, led by Mahmoud Abbas, which rules on the West Bank, and the Islamist Hamas which rules over Gaza raised profound and legitimate questions for Israel, the president acknowledged. He demanded of the Palestinian leadership credible answers.

　　Mr Obama seemed to offer new thinking on the way to resume long-stalled negotiations. Attack territory and security first, he proposed, leaving the other two wrenching and emotional core issues of conflictJerusalem and refugeesfor a subsequent stage. oving forward now on the basis of territory and security provides a foundation to resolve those two issues in a way that is just and fair, and that respects the rights and aspirations of Israelis and Palestinians.

　　An optimistic tone rarely heard of late in the increasingly tense, increasing bleak arena of Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking. Does the presidents speech presage a newly energetic sally by the administration into this thankless, daunting battlefield?

　　Barack Obamas speech on the Middle East

　　1967 and all that

　　BARACK OBAMA has spelled out his prescription for the partition of Palestine. The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines, he says, with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognised borders are established for both states.

　　That is not a departure from long-established American policy. The 1967 lines dividing Israel from the West Bank and from Gazaonce spurned by Israels Abba Eban as Auschwitz bordershave always implicitly been Washingtons point of departure for a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But now, for the first time, the four digits have become formal American policy. Middle East cognoscenti were speculating furiously ahead of the presidents speech at the State Department on Thursday over whether he would utter them or fudge.

　　Part of the speculation focused on Mr Obamas guest for lunch at the White House on Friday: Binyamin Netanyahu, Israels prime minister. He has never accepted the principle that the Palestinian state should get 100% of the land taken by Israel in 1967. The Israeli leader issued a tart response to the presidents speech before emplaning for Washington on Thursday night.

　　Beyond the mention of 1967 and other detailed specifics earnestly being parsed by the experts, Mr Obamas speech was striking in that it deliberately embraced and articulated the key contentions advanced by the Israeli peace camp, now in opposition to the Netanyahu government. The status quo is unsustainable The fact is, a growing number of Palestinians live west of the Jordan River, the president said, sounding the demographic warning that Israeli moderates frequently cite as compelling grounds to end the occupation. The dream of a Jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation.

　　Mr Obama said he spoke out of deep friendship and firm commitment to Israel. But precisely because of our friendship, it is important that we tell the truth.

　　Also significant beyond the specifics was the presidents decision to embed this renewed effort to spur the Israel-Palestine process forward in the broader context of the Arab spring. His speech surveyed the turbulent current events sweeping the region, country by country, and pledged that America would promote and support movements for reform. After decades of accepting the world as it is in the region, we have a chance to pursue the world as it should be.

　　He placed Israel-Palestine squarely within that context, implicitly rejecting Mr Netanyahus belief that the regional turmoil must dictate even more caution and conservatism on Israels part. There are those who argue that with all the change and uncertainty in the region, it is simply not possible to move forward, Mr Obama said. I disagree. At a time when the people of the Middle East and North Africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever.

　　Among the specifics that Mr Netanyahu will not have appreciated is the call for a full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces Mr Netanayu wants Israeli troops to stay deployed along the Jordan River indefinitely.

　　Mr Netanyahu in his response said it was all very well for Mr Obama to recognise Israel as the Jewish peoples homeland, but he wanted to hear it from the Palestinians.

　　He also wanted the president to rehearse the specific undertakings to Israel offered by George W Bush in 2004: that Israel would not be required to withdraw to the 1967 line, that the large settlement blocks would be annexed to Israel and that the Palestinian refugees would not return to the Jewish state.

　　Arguably, those positionswhich, ironically, Mr Netanyahu dismissed at the time, as they were pledged to his political foe, Ariel Sharonare enfolded within Mr Obamas reference to swaps. But the fact is that Mr Obama, whose every word was reportedly sweated over and fought over by his many Middle East advisers, forbore to spell them out.

　　The president had some strong medicine for the Palestinian side too. He spoke against their intention to seek a declaration of statehood at the UN General Assembly in September. Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September wont create an independent state, he declared. And he warned there would be no peace if Hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection. The recent reconciliation agreement between the Fatah, led by Mahmoud Abbas, which rules on the West Bank, and the Islamist Hamas which rules over Gaza raised profound and legitimate questions for Israel, the president acknowledged. He demanded of the Palestinian leadership credible answers.

　　Mr Obama seemed to offer new thinking on the way to resume long-stalled negotiations. Attack territory and security first, he proposed, leaving the other two wrenching and emotional core issues of conflictJerusalem and refugeesfor a subsequent stage. oving forward now on the basis of territory and security provides a foundation to resolve those two issues in a way that is just and fair, and that respects the rights and aspirations of Israelis and Palestinians.

　　An optimistic tone rarely heard of late in the increasingly tense, increasing bleak arena of Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking. Does the presidents speech presage a newly energetic sally by the administration into this thankless, daunting battlefield?