2023職稱英語(yǔ)考試常用語(yǔ)法詳解第五講
2023職稱英語(yǔ)考試常用語(yǔ)法詳解第五講(動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式)
第五講 動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式
一. 基本概念：
顧名思義，不擔(dān)任謂語(yǔ)成分而擔(dān)任其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，有to do(動(dòng)詞不定式) / -ing (現(xiàn)在分詞 / 動(dòng)名詞) / -ed (過去分詞) 三個(gè)形式。由于他們不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的限制，故也稱為非限定動(dòng)詞.(學(xué)習(xí)中不要刻意去區(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞)
二. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)意義：
英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞有兩大基本特征：時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也是動(dòng)詞，當(dāng)然也具備動(dòng)詞的這兩大特征。
1. 時(shí)態(tài)概念：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只有過去、現(xiàn)在和將來三個(gè)時(shí)間概念，他與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的是實(shí)際時(shí)間概念，如I am learning English.是指講話的時(shí)候或那段時(shí)間里我正在學(xué)英語(yǔ).而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過去、現(xiàn)在和將來是指相對(duì)于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞而言的過去、現(xiàn)在和將來，即先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為或狀態(tài)稱為過去時(shí)，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在同一時(shí)間(段)的稱為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為或狀態(tài)之后的稱為將來時(shí).這個(gè)時(shí)間概念對(duì)于后面要講的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能是非常重要的。
2. 語(yǔ)態(tài)概念：與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一樣，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之分。
將非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的上述時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)概念用表格歸納如下：
to do -ing -ed
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
將來時(shí) to do to be done
現(xiàn)在時(shí) doing (sth.) being done
過去時(shí) to have done to have been done -ed
也就是要記住四句話：
(1) 表示將來時(shí);
(2) 表示現(xiàn)在時(shí);
(3) 表示過去時(shí)(一定是被動(dòng)的)
(4) 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)表示過去時(shí)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的上述時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)概念是理解非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞句法功能、應(yīng)試判題和翻譯的基礎(chǔ)。
請(qǐng)你判斷一下，下面句子中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是什么時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)：
Your duty is to look after the sick child. (你的責(zé)任是照料這個(gè)病孩。將來 / 主動(dòng))
The sick child needs to be looked after by a special person. (這個(gè)病孩需要專人照顧。將來 / 被動(dòng))
He is said to have studied hard and passed the examination. (據(jù)說他學(xué)習(xí)一直很用功并通過了考試。過去 / 主動(dòng))
Five persons are reported to have been killed in the big fire. (據(jù)報(bào)道，有5人已在這場(chǎng)大火中喪生。過去 / 被動(dòng))
Do you know the man sitting and reading a book there? (你認(rèn)識(shí)坐在那里看書的那個(gè)人嗎?現(xiàn)在 / 主動(dòng))
Who is the patient being operated on? (正在接受手術(shù)的那個(gè)病人是誰(shuí)啊?現(xiàn)在 / 被動(dòng))
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. (當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)議。過去 / 被動(dòng))
有了上述基本概念，就可以進(jìn)一步討論下面的問題了：
三. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能：
一個(gè)典型的句子共有以下五個(gè)基本成分：
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)
這里要討論的是當(dāng)英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞處在主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)位置時(shí)怎么處理，即非謂語(yǔ)成分時(shí)怎么處理。
1.主語(yǔ)：
首先，to do 和 -ing形式具有名詞性，-ed 不具備名詞性。也就是說，to do 和 -ing可以做主語(yǔ)，例如：
To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. (= It is not an easy thing to learn English.)
Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing.
問題是這兩種表達(dá)方式有沒有區(qū)別。語(yǔ)法上沒有對(duì)或錯(cuò)的區(qū)別，因此不是語(yǔ)法考試的重點(diǎn)
一般講，to do較具體的行為或狀態(tài)，-ing表示較籠統(tǒng)的概念，如學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)對(duì)我來說并非易事一般用to do來表達(dá)：To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或：It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.)
從應(yīng)試角度講，只要記住下面兩個(gè)特殊句型就可以了：
It is no use (或good) + ing結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：
It is no use quarreling with her. (和她爭(zhēng)吵沒有用?？荚嚂r(shí)不要選to quarrel with her)
There is no + ing 結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：
There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否認(rèn)，在當(dāng)今世界上，婦女正發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。)
There is no joking about this matter. (這事開不得玩笑。)
2.賓語(yǔ)
如上所述，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞to do或-ing當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，沒有特別的語(yǔ)法要求。但是，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，就有一個(gè)用to do還是-ing的問題。大家還記得這個(gè)規(guī)定嗎?如果忘了，請(qǐng)復(fù)習(xí)第二講中五個(gè)基本句型的第三句型.這是考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。在以往的職稱考試中，此項(xiàng)一般要占2-3道題目。
關(guān)于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的問題，請(qǐng)復(fù)習(xí)第二講中五個(gè)基本句型的第五句型.
3.定語(yǔ)
也就是做名詞的修飾語(yǔ)。只要牢記本講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)意義一節(jié)中的內(nèi)容，就不難理解非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的問題。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)，本質(zhì)上是定語(yǔ)從句，例如：
Where is the house built last year?
= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那棟房子哪兒去了?)
Do you see the house being built there ?
= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there?(看見那邊那棟正在建造的房子了嗎?)
The house to be built next month will be our dorm.
= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm.(下月要建造的那棟房子將是我們的宿舍。)
也就是說，只要把握好時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(先行詞與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的考試選項(xiàng)比較容易，出題幾率也比較低。
有人可能會(huì)問：
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written兩個(gè)句子中的黑體部分都是做letter的定語(yǔ)，為什么一個(gè)用主動(dòng)，另一個(gè)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一般來說，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞(write)的行為者就是句子的主語(yǔ)(I)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。因此，這兩個(gè)句子的內(nèi)涵是有些區(qū)別的。但由于考試形式的局限性，一般不會(huì)考這種區(qū)別的。
4.狀語(yǔ)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)是這一講的重點(diǎn)，也是考試的重點(diǎn)。大家還記得句子的連接一講中說過的逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)句子這句話和所舉的例子嗎?
錯(cuò)：He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)句子)
對(duì)：Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用連接詞)
對(duì)：Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式)
如果：His child is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. 該怎么改呢?
道理是一樣的：
His child being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.
也就是說，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要有行為的主體，稱為主格;如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的行為的主體與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致，要保留其行為主體(如上句中的his child)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為(分詞)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).
那么，什么情況用to do 、-ing 或 -ed 呢?注意以下兩點(diǎn)：
(1) 要符合下表的基本要求。
to do -ing -ed
主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
將來時(shí) to do to be done
現(xiàn)在時(shí) doing (sth.) being done
過去時(shí) to have done to have been done -ed
(2) 要注意以下基本用法和思路
前置(即放在句子的前面)：
形式 功能 辨別要點(diǎn)
To (或In order to) do sth., + 句子 目的：為了
(關(guān)于做獨(dú)立成分，見下文后置) 1) 與句子間有，隔開;
2) 一定解釋為為了
3) 如果沒有，，可能是句子的主語(yǔ)，不要混淆
-ing /-ed ，+ 句子 1) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：當(dāng)時(shí)候
2) 原因狀語(yǔ)：由于
3) 條件狀語(yǔ)：如果 1) 與句子間一般有，隔開;
2) 如果沒有，，可能是動(dòng)名詞當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)，不要混淆
顯然，to do做狀語(yǔ)形式和意義比較單一，難點(diǎn)是如何區(qū)分-ing 和-ed 形式。
下面每個(gè)例子說明一條規(guī)則，注意理解和記憶(重點(diǎn)不要去區(qū)分作什么狀語(yǔ)，也不要刻意去翻譯句子的意思，重點(diǎn)注 意形式的轉(zhuǎn)換和規(guī)律)：
1) When she heard the noise, she went out to see what was happening.
Hearing the noise, she went out to see what was happening.
規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)(she)與 (非謂語(yǔ)) 動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，只要將實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(heard)恢復(fù)原形 (hear)，后面加ing即可
2) When (或 If) the substance is heated to over 200℃, it will give off a poisonous gas.
Heated to 200 over 200℃, it (= the substance) will give off a poisonous gas.
規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)(it = the substance)與 (非謂語(yǔ)) 動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，去掉be動(dòng)詞，只保留動(dòng)詞的-ed形式(heated)即可
3) As he did not want to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment.
Not wanting to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment
規(guī)則：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式是在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面(不是后面)加not構(gòu)成;其他變化按照例1)或例2)規(guī)定
4) As she has lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently.
Having lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently.
As they had not finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play.
Not having finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play.
規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)1)for + 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，或2)當(dāng)一個(gè)行為必須在另一個(gè)行為結(jié)束后才能開始的情況下，應(yīng)該用完成式，否定詞 not 要放在having的前面，即Not having
提示：當(dāng)你在考試時(shí)分不清是否要用完成式時(shí)，應(yīng)傾向于選擇有完成式的選項(xiàng)。
5) If weather permits, well go out for a picnic tomorrow.
Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow.
When all necessary data had been collected, they began the experiment.
All necessary data having been collected, they began the experiment.
(注：這個(gè)句子也可以寫成：All necessary data collected, they began the experiment.考試時(shí)按例4)提示選題)
規(guī)則：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主格不一致時(shí)，應(yīng)使用獨(dú)立主格形式，其他變化按上述各項(xiàng)規(guī)定處理
后置(即放在句子的后面)：
形式 功能 辨別要點(diǎn)
句子 + to do sth 1) 目的：為了
2) 結(jié)果：以致
3) 程度
4) 獨(dú)立成分 要特別注意以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
1) (in order) to / so as (such) to(目的)
2) (,) only to / so (such) as to(結(jié)果)
3) enough / tooto(程度)
4) 如： to tell you the truth,(獨(dú)立成分)
-ing /-ed ，+ 句子 1) 說明、伴隨或方式
2) 結(jié)果 分詞做后置狀語(yǔ)的多數(shù)為-ing形式，很少是-ed
需要說明的是：
1. 所謂前置和后置是相對(duì)的，這里這樣區(qū)分一是為了便于理解，二是根據(jù)職稱考試中出題的習(xí)慣，便于判題;
2. 關(guān)于功能，這里只是講了考試中較多出現(xiàn)的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于諸如如何區(qū)分目的和結(jié)果等內(nèi)容，因與解題關(guān)系不大，這里就不作具體說明了。
下面把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中其他幾個(gè)重要問題用實(shí)例說明一下：
關(guān)于不定式作后置狀語(yǔ)的舉例(注意黑體字部分的表達(dá)形式)：
1) She was so angry as to be unable to speak. (她氣得連話都說不出來了。)
2) I dont know her well enough to ask her for help.(我與她不太熟悉，不便請(qǐng)她幫忙。)
3) She was too angry to say anything.(她氣得什么都說不出來了。)
4) Im only too glad to help you.
注意與例3)的區(qū)別：only too與happy, pleased, glad 等詞使用時(shí)，表示非常：我非常愿意幫助你(能幫助你真是太高興了)。
5) We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that the appointment had been canceled. (only to表示意想不到的結(jié)果：我們?cè)谟曛械攘私?個(gè)小時(shí)，結(jié)果被告知約會(huì)取消了。)
6) To be fair, he has been working very hard recently.(公平地說，他最近工作一直非常努力。類似的表達(dá)方式還有：
to tell the truth(說實(shí)話), to be frank(老實(shí)說)，to go without saying (不用說 / 毫無疑問) 等。
關(guān)于分詞做后置狀語(yǔ)的舉例 (注意括號(hào)中句子的演變過程)：
1) She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother was seriously ill. (她收到她兄弟發(fā)來的一份電子郵件，(郵件上)說她母親病得很厲害。= She received an E-mail from her brother, which(= an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)
2) Serious infection may develop in some patients, resulting in death. (有些病人會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重感染，導(dǎo)致死亡。(= Serious infection may develop in some patients, which results in death.)
3) The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager. (客人在經(jīng)理陪同下走進(jìn)辦公室。 = The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by the manager.)
關(guān)于動(dòng)詞不定式的補(bǔ)充說明：
1) 前面講到：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表示過去時(shí)，它常在以下句型中出現(xiàn)：
(主語(yǔ))+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have (been) done
(主語(yǔ))+ seem to have (been) done
(主語(yǔ))+ be likely to have (been) done
當(dāng)考試時(shí)看到這樣的句型出現(xiàn)，首先要考慮是否是動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式
2) 注意動(dòng)詞不定式 to與介詞to的區(qū)別，即：是to + 動(dòng)詞，還是to + 名詞或動(dòng)名詞(-ing)。第二講 五個(gè)基本句型中已經(jīng)提到：object to / look forward to / be (get) accustomed (used) to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to等中的to是介詞。
當(dāng)考試時(shí)看到這樣的表達(dá)方式出現(xiàn)，首先要考慮選擇-ing形式(一般不會(huì)給純名詞形式)
關(guān)于on + ing 形式和with (without) + 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
