實例解析：四級翻譯題答題要點
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翻譯作為語言聽、說、讀、寫、譯五大能力之一，新大綱就四級階段的要求提出，學生應能借助詞典將難度略低于課文的英語短文譯成漢語，理解正確、譯文達意，譯速為每小時350個英語單詞。能借助詞典將內容熟悉的漢語文字材料譯成英語，譯文達意，無重大語言錯誤，譯速為每小時300個漢字。英譯漢是1996年大學英語考試委員會公布的第一批新題型中的一類，屬主觀題，該題型從屬于閱讀理解部分，從閱讀理解的四篇短文中選取5個片斷，大部分是一個較長、較復雜的句子，但有時也有2-3個句子組成的一個段落或片斷。要求考生在15分鐘內將該5題譯成漢語，占分10%，每題2分。根據指令提示，翻譯時還可回到前面參閱所譯句子的有關上下文。
兩種語言的對譯講究的是信、達、雅，這是翻譯題評分的基本原則。信即忠實于原文；達即達意，即譯文與原文的語義上的一致或等同，這是評分的重要原則，考生是否理解了原文，是否忠實于原文，都要根據譯文的內容來作評判，所以達是根本。考試意義上的翻譯對雅的要求不同于文學翻譯，要求并不太高，只是譯文應通順流暢，符合譯文語言的表達習慣。
一、英譯漢樣題、參考答案及評分標準
英譯漢題型有詳細、具體的評分標準，每道題的2分被統一細化為四個0.5分，三個0.5用以判給題中的三個語言點，即每題就語言而言有三個得分點，一個0.5分判給整句譯文的語言結構是否通順流暢、符合漢語習慣。
二、答題要點與真題解析
英譯漢必須以理解原文為前提，而短文中句子或段落片段的翻譯還必須基于對原文上下文的理解，所以英譯漢試題解題的第一要點是:
正確理解短文，精確理解所譯部分，準確分析該部分的句法結構和表意邏輯關系。要將一道英譯漢題做好，必須精確地理解所需翻譯的那部分句子，而精確的理解必須以正確理解短文為前提，有時還須準確地對有關句子的結構作語法分析，同時，還必須理清該部分在語意方面有幾個層次及各層次間的先后關系。
在準確理解原文后，要注意正確、恰當地用漢語將原文各層次的語意以與原來相同的先后關系表達出來，這又需要了解一些譯文處理技巧，要不然，在英語的影響下，你的譯文形似漢語，讀起來仍洋味十足。所以解答漢譯英的第二要點是:學會用符合習慣的標準漢語表述原文。幾種在翻譯中經常用到的避免英式漢語的方法是:
拆譯法。選作英譯漢試題的英語句子通常都較復雜，往往從句套從句，翻成譯語要把這些從句拆開，翻成一句句相對獨立的漢語句子這么做使理清各語意層次的先后關系顯得非常重要。
合譯法。英語中定語從句、同位語從句及用作定語的介詞短語、分詞短語和不定短語常后置在名詞中心詞之后，翻譯時有時需要將這些后置修飾語合并到名詞中心詞的前置定語之中。
重組法。英語句子結構越復雜，與以短句為特點的漢語表達習慣的差距越大，這時需要采用重組概念，改變一種角度，對原文各層次的語意進行重組，以恰到好處、通順地道的漢語正確表達原文的信息。根據英譯漢評分標準，每道題有四個得分點，所以在英譯漢答題時，還要注意第三點:
分析原文各題的得分點，重點理解，重點表達。從樣題及歷年英譯漢真題實例中，我們發現，得分點一般都是一些特定的短語、句式或與短文要點密切相關的重要詞語。對于原文中的這些語言點，考生必須結合上下文反復琢磨，求得理解上的準確，而后通過上面介紹的幾種翻譯處理技巧，恰當地將它們用漢語表達出來。以下是英譯漢真題實例解析。
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
British universities， groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers， are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk.The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.
The government responded to the universities threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation， under a non-party troubleshooter，Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education，five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.
Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money， but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayers and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs， something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain.Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearings advice， hoping it will not be too latesome already reported to be in financial diffculty. As the century nears its end， the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope.Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms， talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as consumers.
The Confederationof British Industry， the key employers organization， wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies.But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees， complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared， with close tutorial supervision giving way to mass production methods more typical of European universities.
1.The chief concern of British universities is ____.
A)how to tackle their present financial difficulty B)how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprisesC)how to improve their educational technology D)how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration
2.We can learn from the passage that in Britain ____.
A)the government pays dearly for its financial policy B)universities are mainly funded by businesses C)higher education is provided free of charge D)students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition
3.What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?
A)20% or so. C)Above 30%.B)About 15%. D)Below 10%.
4.It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A)the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher education B)British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of quality C)the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts D)British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future
5.Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?
A)Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education. B)British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry. C)European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world. D)British universities should help fight competition on world markets.
該短文是一篇講述英國大學學生膨脹，經濟上不堪重負的說明文。
S1題由兩句組成，語言點主要有①分詞短語groaning，②imposeon to plug a gap，③條件句中scrap some public spending cutbacks，④漢語譯文的結構。這段文字較長，但意義上是一個整體，翻譯時要特別注意各層次的關系:①不堪重負②提醒③威脅④如果⑤就強行。參考譯文:因為學生數量猛增而不堪重負，英國大學正提醒人們傳統的免費教育已面臨危機。他們威脅如果政府不采取行動增加撥款而繼續削減公共事業開支的話，他們將強行向學生收取入學費以填補收入中的不足。
S2題只有一句，但較長，主要由一個分詞短語組成，該短語中有that從句，that從句中又有as從句及with復合結構，結構較復雜。同時，該句位于句末，需要對上文有所了解。語言點:①agree，②suffer，③with短語，④整句結構。參考譯文:泰悟士報持相同觀點，聲稱隨著學生數的猛增及周密的導師制管理模式為歐洲大學特有的規模生產方式所替代，教育質量已大受影響。
附閱讀理解參考答案:
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A
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翻譯作為語言聽、說、讀、寫、譯五大能力之一，新大綱就四級階段的要求提出，學生應能借助詞典將難度略低于課文的英語短文譯成漢語，理解正確、譯文達意，譯速為每小時350個英語單詞。能借助詞典將內容熟悉的漢語文字材料譯成英語，譯文達意，無重大語言錯誤，譯速為每小時300個漢字。英譯漢是1996年大學英語考試委員會公布的第一批新題型中的一類，屬主觀題，該題型從屬于閱讀理解部分，從閱讀理解的四篇短文中選取5個片斷，大部分是一個較長、較復雜的句子，但有時也有2-3個句子組成的一個段落或片斷。要求考生在15分鐘內將該5題譯成漢語，占分10%，每題2分。根據指令提示，翻譯時還可回到前面參閱所譯句子的有關上下文。
兩種語言的對譯講究的是信、達、雅，這是翻譯題評分的基本原則。信即忠實于原文；達即達意，即譯文與原文的語義上的一致或等同，這是評分的重要原則，考生是否理解了原文，是否忠實于原文，都要根據譯文的內容來作評判，所以達是根本。考試意義上的翻譯對雅的要求不同于文學翻譯，要求并不太高，只是譯文應通順流暢，符合譯文語言的表達習慣。
一、英譯漢樣題、參考答案及評分標準
英譯漢題型有詳細、具體的評分標準，每道題的2分被統一細化為四個0.5分，三個0.5用以判給題中的三個語言點，即每題就語言而言有三個得分點，一個0.5分判給整句譯文的語言結構是否通順流暢、符合漢語習慣。
二、答題要點與真題解析
英譯漢必須以理解原文為前提，而短文中句子或段落片段的翻譯還必須基于對原文上下文的理解，所以英譯漢試題解題的第一要點是:
正確理解短文，精確理解所譯部分，準確分析該部分的句法結構和表意邏輯關系。要將一道英譯漢題做好，必須精確地理解所需翻譯的那部分句子，而精確的理解必須以正確理解短文為前提，有時還須準確地對有關句子的結構作語法分析，同時，還必須理清該部分在語意方面有幾個層次及各層次間的先后關系。
在準確理解原文后，要注意正確、恰當地用漢語將原文各層次的語意以與原來相同的先后關系表達出來，這又需要了解一些譯文處理技巧，要不然，在英語的影響下，你的譯文形似漢語，讀起來仍洋味十足。所以解答漢譯英的第二要點是:學會用符合習慣的標準漢語表述原文。幾種在翻譯中經常用到的避免英式漢語的方法是:
拆譯法。選作英譯漢試題的英語句子通常都較復雜，往往從句套從句，翻成譯語要把這些從句拆開，翻成一句句相對獨立的漢語句子這么做使理清各語意層次的先后關系顯得非常重要。
合譯法。英語中定語從句、同位語從句及用作定語的介詞短語、分詞短語和不定短語常后置在名詞中心詞之后，翻譯時有時需要將這些后置修飾語合并到名詞中心詞的前置定語之中。
重組法。英語句子結構越復雜，與以短句為特點的漢語表達習慣的差距越大，這時需要采用重組概念，改變一種角度，對原文各層次的語意進行重組，以恰到好處、通順地道的漢語正確表達原文的信息。根據英譯漢評分標準，每道題有四個得分點，所以在英譯漢答題時，還要注意第三點:
分析原文各題的得分點，重點理解，重點表達。從樣題及歷年英譯漢真題實例中，我們發現，得分點一般都是一些特定的短語、句式或與短文要點密切相關的重要詞語。對于原文中的這些語言點，考生必須結合上下文反復琢磨，求得理解上的準確，而后通過上面介紹的幾種翻譯處理技巧，恰當地將它們用漢語表達出來。以下是英譯漢真題實例解析。
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
British universities， groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers， are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk.The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.
The government responded to the universities threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation， under a non-party troubleshooter，Sir Ron Dearing.
One in three school-leavers enters higher education，five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.
Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money， but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayers and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs， something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain.Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearings advice， hoping it will not be too latesome already reported to be in financial diffculty. As the century nears its end， the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope.Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms， talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as consumers.
The Confederationof British Industry， the key employers organization， wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies.But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees， complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared， with close tutorial supervision giving way to mass production methods more typical of European universities.
1.The chief concern of British universities is ____.
A)how to tackle their present financial difficulty B)how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprisesC)how to improve their educational technology D)how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration
2.We can learn from the passage that in Britain ____.
A)the government pays dearly for its financial policy B)universities are mainly funded by businesses C)higher education is provided free of charge D)students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition
3.What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?
A)20% or so. C)Above 30%.B)About 15%. D)Below 10%.
4.It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A)the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher education B)British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of quality C)the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts D)British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future
5.Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?
A)Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education. B)British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry. C)European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world. D)British universities should help fight competition on world markets.
該短文是一篇講述英國大學學生膨脹，經濟上不堪重負的說明文。
S1題由兩句組成，語言點主要有①分詞短語groaning，②imposeon to plug a gap，③條件句中scrap some public spending cutbacks，④漢語譯文的結構。這段文字較長，但意義上是一個整體，翻譯時要特別注意各層次的關系:①不堪重負②提醒③威脅④如果⑤就強行。參考譯文:因為學生數量猛增而不堪重負，英國大學正提醒人們傳統的免費教育已面臨危機。他們威脅如果政府不采取行動增加撥款而繼續削減公共事業開支的話，他們將強行向學生收取入學費以填補收入中的不足。
S2題只有一句，但較長，主要由一個分詞短語組成，該短語中有that從句，that從句中又有as從句及with復合結構，結構較復雜。同時，該句位于句末，需要對上文有所了解。語言點:①agree，②suffer，③with短語，④整句結構。參考譯文:泰悟士報持相同觀點，聲稱隨著學生數的猛增及周密的導師制管理模式為歐洲大學特有的規模生產方式所替代，教育質量已大受影響。
附閱讀理解參考答案:
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A
